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A SUPPLEMENT TO 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


CONTAINING ADDITIONAL PRACTICAL MATTER, MORE ESPECIALLY 
RELATING TO THE FORMS OF SAW TEETH FOR SPECIAL 
MATERIAL AND CONDITIONS, AND TO THE 
BEHAVIOR OF SAWS UNDER PAR¬ 
TICULAR CONDITIONS. 


ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY ILLUSTRATIONS. 


BY 


ROBERT GRIMSHAW, 

4 « 

AUTHOR OF “ MODERN MILLING,” “ MILLER, MILLWRIGHT, AND MILL FURNISHER,” ETC. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

E. CLAXTON & CO., 

930 Market Street. 

London : K. & F. N. SPON, 48 Charing Cross. 

1882 . 





/ 




Copyright : 
ROBERT GRIMSHAW. 
1883. 


COLLINS, PRINTER. 






PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. 


The success attending the publication of “Grimshaw on Saws” 
has led the author to collect such material, referring more strictly 
to all kinds of saw blades, as has come to his hand since 1880 . 
At all times in active correspondence with practical sawyers 
throughout the country, many valuable points concerning forms 
of teeth for special materials and conditions, and many useful 
hints concerning the care and management of saws, have come 
to his hand ; which, together with descriptions of some of the 
most important devices patented since publishing the main work, 
have been incorporated in this supplement, which have been 
added to the original work so as to constitute a second edition. 

Manufacturers who neglected to send in replies to my queries 
for detailed information concerning their specialties, in time for 
publication in the first edition, have had afforded them a second 
opportunity to bring these specialties before the public, and at 
the same time be sure that the descriptions and illustrations are 
absolutely correct. 

To obviate unnecessary repetition, data which might probably 
appear under two heads have been placed, as far as possible, where 
the relationship is the strongest. 

The index is full and complete, and the reader is advised to 
consult it carefully when searching for information. 



IV 


PREFACE TO TIIE SUPPLEMENT. 


The table of saw patents compiled by Mr. Wiedcrsheim for the 
original work, is supplemented by lists up to April, 1882. 

The list of errata reported in the original work is larger than 
the author would prefer—but still it is better to give it than to 
allow the misprints, etc., to remain uncorrected. 

The u Cincinnati Artisan 11 and the Buffalo u Lumber World ” 
have kindly permitted the use of engravings, and of matter writ¬ 
ten by the author, which have appeared in those periodicals. 


PniLADELPiiiA, June, 1882. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


SPECIAL MATERIALS AND TEETH THEREFOR. 

Choice of Teeth for Various Woods. —The kind of teeth 
and the speed of the saw should be determined by the hardness 
and grain of the material, its greater or less freedom from moist¬ 
ure, from gummy or resinous matters, and from spikes; whether 
frozen or not; also its size. The harder the wood the smaller and 
more upright should be the teeth, and the less their veloeity and 
the rate of sawing. Pine , willow , and alder require large, acute, 
and well-pitched teeth. Oak , mahogany , and rosewood need per¬ 
pendicular teeth, close together. Yellow and pitch pines and larch , 
being gummy and resinous, require grease to clear the blade. 
California redwood cuts like Eastern pine. Fig. 235 shows the 




4 

teeth for soft wood, Fig, 236 those for hard. We may say that for 
pine , spruce , and hemlock , the teeth should be cut tangent to a 
circle half the saw’s diameter. 

14 










170 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Cedar cuts best with a peg tooth, of fine gauge, pitch, and space. 
Mahogany , ash, and English elm are best cut with the gullet or 
mill tooth, of small space and nearly upright pitch. 

For maple , oalc , and all timber known as hard wood , teeth that 
are only swaged answer (Fig. 237). For hard wood in warm weather , 
Norivay pine and chestnut , teeth part bent and part upset (Fig. 239) 



Fig. 237 . Fig. 238. Fig. 239. Fig. 240. 

answer. For water-soaked spruce and pine , teeth bent only (Fig. 
238). For sapling pine in warm weather , teeth bent for set, and 
sheared to an angle of 25° (Fig. 240). Sapling pine in cold weather 
and second growth chestnut , upset both sides alike (Fig. 237). 

For yellow pine , a 56-inch circular, 6 or 7 gauge, with 32 to 36 
teeth, has 3J to 4 inches feed, and runs 650 to 700 revolutions per 
minute, say 9250 to 10,000 lineal feet of rim speed. In ivliite pine , 
Michigan sawyers use a 66 to 72-inch circular, 5 and 7 gauges, 
having say 50 teeth to a 66-inch saw; feed 7 to 8 inches per revo¬ 
lution; speed 700 to 800 revolutions per minute, or say 13,000 
lineal feet of rim speed per minute; kerf T 5 g inch. 

Inserted Teeth for Hard Woods* should be shorter than 

'k 

those for soft. 

m 

Teeth for Warm and for Cold Weather. —In the New Eng¬ 
land States, where the extremes of temperature are great, it is 
necessary to provide for the greater brittleness of the teeth and 

* “Inserted teeth” are also called “movable,” “removable,” “insertable,” 
• ‘detachable,” etc. 

















































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


171 


the greater hardness of the logs, in cold than in warm weather. 
Reference to Fig. 241 will show the comparative pitch of teeth 



Fig, 2&1. Pitches for Cold and Warm Weathers. 


for cold and for warm weather. The more severe the winter the 
stouter the teeth need be. In Fig. 241 the teeth for cold weather 
are \ pitch, those for warm being |. 

Curious Teeth. —Fig. 242 shows a number of European spe¬ 
cial forms of teeth, selected by reason of our inability to conceive 
why such forms should be used. We feel little risk in predicting 
that they will not be widely copied by American makers. 

Circular Saws for Iron. — Disston’s remarks, page 45, 
should read: “A 44-incli saw J inch thick, with peg teeth f inch 
space is best for cutting off hot or cold iron. A high rate of 
speed should be used, say fifteen thousand feet rim motion per 
minute. These saws are made of very mild steel, not hardened 
or tempered. For clean cutting in cold metal highly tempered 
saws are used with front or cutting edge of teeth on a line with 
the centre, and the number of teeth Corresponding, somewhat, to 
the amount of work to be fed on the saw at each revolution. 







172 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Such saws are run at a low speed for steel and wrought iron, saj 
130 to 150 feet per minute, rim motion, and should be run in a 
solution of soap, oil, and water. For softer metal a higher rate 



AA 


Fig. 242. Odd Forms of Teeth. 

of speed is required. A large proportion of iron cutting is done 
by friction discs, running at a very high rate of speed, say up to 
20,000 feet per minute, rim motion.” 

Cordesman, Egan k Co. would saw cast-iron with Y-shaped 
teeth, inch full,” in height, 12 points to the inch, little or no 
set; plate 22 gauge. 

For tarbocird , Cordesman, Egan k Co. recommend the 'hand rip 
saw outline of teeth, fa inch high, 7 points per inch, plenty of 
set; plate 18 gauge. They say that they cut with such teeth a 
great deal' of tarboard to make friction wheels, and get good 
results. 






























GRIMSHAW ON.SAWS. 


173 


FILING. 


Angles of Teeth— Figs. 243 and 244* show the difference in 
the way of presenting an edge tool of a given angle to the wood. 



Fig . 243. Held at an Acute Fig. 244. Held at a less 
Angle • Acute Angle • 

Fig. 245 shows about how deep the file should fill the tooth 
notches. 



Fig. 245. Depths of Hand Crosscut Teeth. 


In Fig. 246 the teeth are about the same height as in Fig. 245; 
but while the fronts do not reach the middle of the file section, 
the backs pass it, about averaging the wear. 

* Figs. 247 and 248 are of those shapes impossible to sharpen 
without a file of special section. 


* By courtesy of Frey, Schechler, and Hoover. 






































































































174 


SUPPLEMENT. 



Fig, 246, Depth of Rip Saw Teeth, 



The “peg” tooth (Fig. 249) permits the use of the ordinary rec¬ 
tangular “mill” file; but the file shown is not wide enough for 
the teeth to which it is applied. 




To file “ briar” and “ half moon” teeth of the outlines shown in 
Figs. 250 and 251, it is best to have a sheet iron or zinc template 
to compare with. 












GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


175 


Such M teeth as Fig.* 252 (Holzapffel, 1846) would be ex¬ 
tremely difficult to sharpen, and more liable to break than our 
stronger and more graceful forms, as shown by Fig. 253. 



Fig, 252, M teeth of 1846, 



Fig, 253, Modern M teeth. 

The same may be said in reference to the square throated cir¬ 
cular saw teeth seen in Fig. 254. 



As the fibres of a slab or plank run, as shown in Fig. 255, it 
will be seen from Fig. 256 that ripping teeth cut each fibre only 
once, while in crossing (Fig. 257) each fibre is severed twice. 





























176 


SUPPLEMENT 





Fig . 257 • Action in Crosscutting . 


Cleaner Teeth. —Grandy says that cleaner te'eth in crosscuts 
should point towards the drag or draw. 

X 

Round Gullets. —It is very desirable that the gullets be round. 
Grandy, in recommending round gullets for all saws, says: “ I 
have seen a 50-inch board saw run on a cast-iron dog 11x24-inches, 
breaking or cutting the dog in two, and turning some of the teeth 
to a right angle with the plate. I have bent them back without 
breaking a single tooth. This was simply because the gullet was 
round. The same saw had one of its teeth broken while in the 
cut previous to this, while the throat was square-cornered.” 
















GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


177 


The Gridley Tooth .—Fig. 258 shows the ordinary spring set; 
Fig. 259 the spread set proper; Fig. 260 the Gridley circular saw 


Fig. 258. 
Spring Set. 



Fig. 259. 
Spread Set. 



Fig. 260. 
Gridley. 


tooth referred to on page 60, and combining both spring and spread 
set. The dotted lines show the clearance. 



Sheared Teeth. —“A tooth sheared or filed to a bevel of say 
5 D to 20 3 will do the work with less power (provided the tooth 
is strong enough otherwise to resist the tendency to spread in the 
cut). If a person were to take a jack-knife to cut a stick of any 
size, he would turn his knife to about that angle with the grain. 
The sheared tooth is in better shape to enter the wood than if 
swaged square; whereas it is often nearly impossible to saw 
sapling pine (such as grows in Massachusetts and Connecticut) in 
summer time with swaged teeth, if the teeth are bent and sheared 
the trouble disappears entirely. Another objection to swaged 
teeth is the excessive wear of the plate. But shearing must be 
modified to suit the kind and conditions of the timber. For in¬ 
stance, a spruce log will cut much easier when thawed out than 
when frozen; so the teeth can be sheared much more in warm 
weather than in cold. A 7 or 8 gauge saw will have teeth strong 
enough to resist the tendency to spread sidewise (or make set, as 
it is termed) in summer in almost any kind of wood. Then, 
again, logs are apt to have dirt, gravel, and sand in summer time 
• (especially in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and on portable- 
mill jobs), whereas in winter time they are taken from the stump 
to saw pretty much free front dirt. This dirt will soon wear off 
15 























































178 


SUPPLEMENT. 


the swaged set, whereas, if bent, the teeth will do much more 
work without filing, of course using the swage to keep the point 
as wide as the plate is thick. This method is almost universal in 
Vermont, to swage the point J set, bend the rest and shear 5° to 
10°. In winter the sawyer will bring his saw nearly square, but 
still bend part and swage the rest.” 

Shape of File Tangs. —Files having square-shouldered tangs, 
shown in Fig. 261, are apt to crack in the shoulder in hardening, 



Fig. 261. Wrong. 


and to break in using. The tang should have a curved shoulder, 
as in Fig. 262. 



Fig. 262. Right. 


Round files, instead of being drawn down as shown in Fig. 263, 
should be given a more parallel tang, as shown in Fig. 261, in 
which case they will be less liable to come out of the handles. 



Fig. 263. Wrong. 



Fig. 264. Right. 

The Wentworth Saw Vise.'* —The terrible “ screeching” so 
frequently heard in saw filing is obviated by the convenient de¬ 
vice illustrated in Fig. 265. There is a flexible rubber cushion 

* Made by Seneca Manufacturing Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
































































































































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


179 


or muffler between the jaws, preventing any vibration. The 
jaws are clamped by the cam-plate and lever shown below. 



Fig. 265. 


Former for Circular Saw Teeth.* —Cut a sheet zinc or other 
thin metal template, and fasten to the end of a wooden strip which 
saddles the arbor (see Fig. 266). The backs of the teeth should 


c 



* Communicated by Frey, Sclieckler, and Hoover, Bucyrus. 

























































































































































































180 


SUPPLEMENT. 


be circular and struck from centres on the small circle C. The 
faces are tangent to the large circle shown. 

This rule for tooth forming is simple, and the method of apply¬ 
ing it equally so. 

Parker’s Vise for Circular Saws (U. S. Patent, Nos. 236, 
451. January 11, 1881,) has a fixed saw and a movable saw ver¬ 
tically adjustable by a slot. Fig. 267. 



SETTING. 


The Boynton combined file and set (referred to on page 126) is 
shown in Fig. 268, and is a very simple and handy instrument. 



Fig. 268. Combined File and Set . 


Cam Power Sets.* —Fig. 269 shows a circular saw in posi¬ 
tion with the set applied. The operator stands behind the saw, 
the set being attached to the teeth by placing the bed die, A, on 
the point of tooth, so that the point will project beyond the die 
one-sixteenth of an inch. The cam lever, B, is then brought down 


* Made by C. E. Grandy, South Barton, Orleans Co., Vt. 




































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


181 


to the stop, C, on the cam, bending the tooth toward the latter. A 
fonr point gauge is provided on the lever, seen at D, and E is a 
screw to adjust the same to the amount of set desired. The die 
bar, F, is governed by the thumb nuts, G, on the cam links pro¬ 
jecting through the bed. The advantage claimed for this arrange¬ 
ment is that the bending power is brought to bear on the tooth 
between the two bed bearings, so that the operator has only to 
bear down on the cam lever; and the more power he applies, the 
tighter he fastens the set to the saw. A handle is provided at I 
for convenience in handling. 

For band or jig saws, the form of the set, as represented in Fig. 
270, is changed, having a longer bed, terminating in a handle 
having an adjustable cam link which can be moved laterally on 



the beds. The die bar is the same as the circular saw set, also 
the cam lever, having a stop. These, together with the thumb 
nuts, regulate the amount of set to be given to the saw. The die 
bar is kept in contact with the cam by the recoil of the spring, J. 
Sliding laterally upon the bed is a guide bar, K, having a narrow 



























182 


SUPPLEMENT. 


hanging lip and grooves, and fastened in place by the thumb 
screw, L. The saw is placed on the set so as to leave the tooth 
to be set over the bed die, M. The sliding guide bar is then 
brought up to the back of the saw, and fastened by the thumb 
screw. The cam is brought down to the stop, giving as much set 
as desired by screwing up the thumb nut, Cr. A loose adjustable 
pawl, U, is hanged to the bed, and is used on very fine saws, to 
regulate the position of the teeth over the die, M, by engaging 
the pawl with the teeth; and as the saw is moved the pawl clicks 
on the teeth, every two clicks indicating the tooth to be set. The 
advantage of the pawl, in setting very fine saws, is that it saves 
the close scrutiny otherwise needed; and if the operator stops a 
moment, it is claimed, it shows with absolute certainty where to 
commence again. The set can be used with the saw on the pulley, 
or it can be attached to a bench by the bolt, O. 

The maker claims less liability to break the saw teeth because 
the bend is a curve and not an angle; that a saw will hold set 
longer when this is used, because of the shortness of the bend; 
and that it is readily adjusted to different gauges of saws. 

In winter the sawyer will bring his saw nearly square, but 
still bend part and swage the rest. 

[A number of automatic machines for setting band saw teeth 
will be found under the head of band saws.] 


SWAGING.* 

Advantages of Swaged Teeth. — Swaged teeth do not 
“dodge” knots as do those that are spring set. Upset teeth also 
bear more feed than spring set do, because the cross-grained fibres 
that make the kerf side rough cannot touch the side of the teeth 
to drive them out of line. 

Objections to Swaged Teeth. — An objection to swaged 
teeth is that they take one-fourth more power to drive than bent 

* Swaging is also written “swedging,” and also called “jumping,” “up¬ 
setting,” and “spreading.” 








GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


183 


ones in the same plate; for it is easier to split out the difference 
in kerf than to cut it out. In other words, it is cutting the saw¬ 
dust nearly one-fourth liner with swaged than with bent set. 

Again, the swaged tooth leaves a ridge (especially in summer) 
on the log or board behind each swaged corner, something like 
half the amount of swaging, and this necessitates more set in 
order to clear the plate. 

Sharpening with the Swage. —Some wrongly suppose that 
a dull saw can be sharpened with the swage. This is not the 
case, as the tooth becomes obtuse or “stunted,” and the surplus 
metal must be cut away by a file. It would also make the tooth 
so brittle that the corners would break or “crumble,” as termed 
by sawyers. 

The “Planer Bit” Teeth (Fig. 115), p. 71, are swaged at the 
point. 

Swage for Circulars. —Fig. 271 shows a useful swage for 
circular saw teeth. There is a central handle or shank with pro- 



1'ifj. 271 . Double Sivage. 

jecting tongue and a collar. In the upper space between the 
tongue and the collar, the tooth is swaged with a flat edge; while 
in the bottom one the operation is continued so as to give the 
cutting-edge a concave form. 

Simonds’ Saw Swage (U. S. Patent, No. 238,062. Feb. 
22, 1881,) has a central tooth a provided with a double curve 
upon each of its operating faces; one curve horizontal and the 
































































































































































































184 


SUPPLEMENT. 


other curve vertical or longitudinal. One face has longer curves 
than the other. In swaging teeth with this tool, the longitudinal 



Fig, 272, Simonds’ Swage, 

centre of the tooth is first indented back from the edge, the tooth 
next spread by successive blows to right and left of the centre, 
and then finished or dressed up. 


GUMMING. 

Gumming by the Sawyers. —The stamp and die are very 
apt to spring the blade and are practicable only by saw makers. 

A grindstone two feet in diameter, bevelled to the desired form, 
is good to start with. 

It may be ran with an eight-inch belt, two hundred turns per 
minute, with a half inch stream of water discharged directly into 
the cut. This will cut one inch and a half deep in one minute 
without injury to the saw. 

Sharpening Gumming Cutters. —Fig. 273 shows the method 
of grinding gummer cutters on a grindstone or emery wheel. The 



Fig, 27S, Holder for Sharpening Gumming Cutters, 



















GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


185 


frame for holding the cutters is shown reversed. The rollers 
D, D, run on the face of the stone; the cutter C is ground one 
face at a time, the pawl II holding each face in position. The 
gauge E regulates the depth of grinding, and allows for cutters of 
various diameters. 

Gumming Punches. —Fig. 274 shows the shape of punches 
for gumming gang and mulay saws, and Fig. 275 that for cir¬ 
culars.* 



Fig. 274:. Gumming Punch for Gangs and Mulays. 



Fig. 27a. Gumming Punch for Circulars. 

The “ Spiral Line” Method of Gulleting (see pages 132 
and 137) is a misnomer. There is no spiral line at all marked on 
the saw—merely arcs of circles having a diameter less than that 
of the saw-plate. 

Frey’s Gummer. —Fig. 276 illustrates an emery wheel gum- 
mer and grinder, as arranged for grinding or gumming the saw 
without removing it from its mandrel. 

This device consists in an abrading wheel of emery or corun¬ 
dum, fixed on a shaft, set in a flexible frame and put in rapid 
motion. 

By means of a handle it is easily controlled by the operator, 
and placed at any angle necessary to the saw or article to be filed 
or dressed. 

* Snyder Bros., Williamsport, Pa. 

16 







186 


SUPPLEMENT 



It is especially applicable to the 
upright, and the shaping or formin 


gumming of saws, circular or 
g of moulding bits, or similar 










































































































































































































187 


GRIMSIIAW ON SAWS. 

The working portions of the machine are composed of a mov¬ 
able frame, A, which by a ball joint is hung on the main frame, 
B, so that the grinding wheel, C, has a universal movement, con¬ 
trollable by the handle, D. A still freer motion is afforded by a 
second joint on frame A, or the latter may be arranged by means 
of two movable slides so as to give a positive up-and-down or 
diagonal movement, as desired, also by two parallel rods hinged 
on main frame, B, by ball joints, placed on each side of flexible 
frame, A, and coupled to it immediately back of pulley. By this 
arrangement a direct parallel lateral movement is secured, and 
the wheel kept square to its work. 

The lever and weight shown, serve to balance the frame and 
wheel, and make it easy for the operator to control the angle or 
position of the wheel. 

Directions for Setting and Operating .—For a saw-mill run by 
a belt: Place the machine immediately behind the saw, upon a 
•plank on the side where the teeth turn up, the shaft of the ma¬ 
chine being directly over the saw in a line so that the emery 
wheel will form a right angle with it. The counter-shaft is placed 
on the back end of the plank, in a direct line with the driving 
pulley on the engine. The belt or cord is placed upon the small 
pulley of the machine, then around the small pulleys on the 
counter-shaft, turning at a right angle to the driving pulley. 

The motion of the wheel should be 1500 to 2000 revolutions 
per minute, the lower side always turning from the operator. 

The operator applies the wheel to the saw by means of the 
handle, when the parts so brought in contact with the emery 
wheel will be speedily abraded without injury to the saw. 

When gumming saws, where the teeth are very blunt, do not 
attempt to do too much at once, but move from tooth to tooth, 
giving them time to cool, and then repeat the operation until the 
tooth is brought to the proper shape. 

If the wheel is held to the saw too hard and too long, the saw 
is liable to blue and case-harden. 

To use the machine on a direct acting-mill: The saw is gene¬ 
rally taken off. The machine is placed on a frame or table, in 
such a position that it can be run from the engine or some other 
convenient shaft. 

Mulay, drag, and crosscut saws can be dressed with equal 
facility. 


188 


SUPPLEMENT 


If it is preferred to dress a circular saw on a direct acting- 
mill, without taking it off* the mandrel, a wheel with a crank is 
used to rotate the emery wheel by hand. The power required 
would be about the same as would run a common-sized grindstone. 

Shop Machine in Working Position for Dressing Mulay, 
Circular, or other Saws. —Fig. 277 represents the machine as 



Fig. 277. Frey’s Gummer and Sharpener for Straight Saws. 


applied to the dressing of mulay, drag, crosscut and circular saws, 
when removed from their mandrels. 

An iron table supports the machine, on which a horizontal 
counter shaft is attached, having a tight and a loose pullev, by 
which it can be run from any desired point, and readily started 
or stopped by the operator without changing his position. The 
table also supports the saw-holder device, as shown in the en¬ 
graving. 














































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


189 


Experience in the use of these machines has proved that it is 
preferable to remove the saw and place it on the machine classed 
“motive” or shop gummers by the manufacturers. 

The universal saw-holder needs some explanation. Fig. 277 
represents a drag-saw blade being ground and held between two 
disks on the holder, in a horizontal position. The arm which 
supports the disks is adjustable in all directions. For a large cir¬ 
cular saw it is depressed and extended to the left of the operator. 
A conical washer which fits all sizes of holes in the saws, fastens 
the saw by means of a hand nut. 

Frey, Scheckler & Hoover, Bucyrus, O., are the manufacturers 
of these machines. 

Snyder’s Gumming Press for Heavy Saws.— In Fig. 278 
the lever A, on shaft C, bears an eccentric B, with strap 1), giving 



Fig . 27 S. Section of Snycler 1 s Gumming Press . 
























190 


SUPPLEMENT. 



Fig. 279. Details of Snyder’s Gumming Punch. 
















































































































































































































































































































































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


191 


motion to the punch E. The die F is suitably adjustable with 
reference to the frame G. Fig. 279 shows the lever, eccentric, 
strap, and punch in perspective and rather more in detail. 

A Gumming Press for Large Saws is shown in Fig. 280. 


EMERY WHEELS. 

An Emery Grinding Machine for the chisel bits of the Hoe 
inserted tooth circular is shown in Fig. 281. The bit is gripped 



Fig . 281 . Finery Wheel Bit Grinder . 


by special pincers, and all are held and ground exactly alike on 
face, side, and back—that is all faces alike, all sides alike, and all 
backs alike. 

The Vulcanite Emery Wheel with Solid Centre is seen 
in elevation and in section in Fig. 282. 

The emery wheel does not stretch a saw on the edge, nor crook 
it as the press gummer often does. An emery wheel 12 inches 
in diameter should last to saw from two to four million feet of 
















































































4 


192 SUPPLEMENT. 

lumber. It should be run about 1800 revolutions, or 5000 to 
5500 feet per minute. 



Fig, 282• Vulcanite Emery Wheel, 


One emery wheel manufacturer who heads his advertisement, 
“Why not run your files by steam power?” aptly alludes to the 
emery wheel as “a rotary file that never gets dull and that runs 
a mile a minute.” 

An essential feature in the use of abrading wheels, is to touch 
the saw lightly and move from place to place in order to avoid 
heating the tooth. It is a singular fact that when the surface of 
a steel plate is heated by the friction of an abrading wheel, until 
it becomes blue, it is made hard to such an extent as to resist 
the best files. The hardness extends only to a very limited por¬ 
tion of the surface, and is easily removed by retouching it with 
the wheel lightly. 

To Prevent Case Hardening keep the wheel moving back 
and forth. However, hardening a saw plate by the heat of emery 
wheel sharpening makes the tooth last longer, if the hardening 
be not excessive. 


Speeds of Emery Wheels. —The following table gives the 
proper number of revolutions per minute for vulcanite emery 
wheels of different diameters:—* 


Diameter. 

1J inches 

2 

91 « 

" 2 . 


Rev. per Min. 
10,000 
7,000 
6,000 


Diameter. 

3 inches 

3J “ 

4 “ 


Rev. per Min. 

. 4,800 

. 4,100 

. 3,600 


* N. Y. Belting and Packing Co. 













GRIMSHAW 

ON SAW 

a 

193 

Diameter. 

Rev. p'er Min. 

Diameter. 

Rev. per Min. 


in dies 

. 3,400 

11 i 

n dies 

. 1,200 

5 

a 

. 3,000 

12 

u 

. 1,000 

6 

ll 

. 2,400 

11 

ll 

950 

7 

u 

2 ,mo 

15 

u 

900 

8 

ll 

. 1,800 

16 

LL 

850 

9 

u 

. 1,600 

18 

LL 

800 

10 

LL 

. 1,500 

20 

LL 

700 



Fig. 2S3. Andrews’ Emery Gammer 




































194 


SUPPLEMENT 


SURGICAL SAWS. 

There are few industries which evince yearly more advancement 
or offer -more new mechanical devices, with special adaptations, 
than does the manufacture of surgical instruments. 

Specialists, performing special operations, constantly feel the 
want of instruments which shall perform, in the most satisfactory 
manner, delicate operations. 

The consumer becomes the inventor, and the number of new 
instruments put upon the market yearly is limited only by the 
advance in special branches of surgery. 

As these instruments are used where delay from breakage 
would often prove fatal, the very best material is chosen for their 
manufacture. 

Goodwillie’s Oral Saw.— Fig. 284 is a special saw for ope¬ 
rations in the mouth, the bend of the bow permitting freedom of 
action, but stiff* enough to prevent the saw from springing. 



Amputating Saws. —Figs.‘285 and 286 are different forms of 
amputating saws. The teeth of these saws cut only on the down¬ 
ward stroke, and are without any set, Where used for heavy 
operations, they are made very stiff and strong. The smaller saw 
is used in lighter operations and in positions where the larger 
instrument would be impracticable. 



Fig. 285. Ffar re’s Amputating Saw. 






















GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


195 


jfrtn,. _ ■'"iiiii'nmiit";iiiii’ 

*****+»• *»+**+**+, 9f0 f fl 


»»r 



Fig, 2S6. Light Amputating Saw . 


Szymanowski’s Bone Exsecting Saw.— Fig. 287 shows 
bone exsecting saw, improved by Tiemann & Co. The novel fea¬ 



ture of this saw is that the blade can be rotated by means of the 
wheel below the handle. This saw has special advantages in 
some operations. 


Bone Saws for Operations of the Skull.— Fig. 288 repre¬ 
sents a bow saw, with two blades, for capital operations. By 



Fig . 28S, Bow Saiv with two blades . for Capital Operations . 

means of the screw beneath the handle the blade may be strained 
to any degree of tightness. 









































106 


SUPPLEMENT. 


ONE-HAND SAWS. 

Superiority of American Saws.— I never saw any but an 

American hand-saw that could be bent into a hoop, point to heel, 
and which would then spring back straight and true, like the old- 
time (Toledo) sword blades. And one of our factories submits all 
of its lirst-class hand-saws to this test before sending them out. I 
never heard of any but an American crosscut by which two men 
have cut off a sound 12 ;/ gum log in seven seconds by the watch. 
To be sure, there was a real live emperor looking on, but all the 
sawyers from France to Fond-du-Lac could not have performed 
that feat with any but an American saw. 

The Steel Bucksaw Frame, p. 50, is claimed never to warp 
nor lose its elasticity, to be unaffected by weather, stand more 
rough usage than a wood frame, and be less trouble. If I could 
set an M tooth buck-saw blade in one of these all steel self-strained 
spring frames, I would not trade that combination for a dozen 
such affairs as saw makers are obliged to make for country store¬ 
keepers to hang up on sale. 

A Detachable Bladed Compass Saw,* shown in Fig. 289, 
takes up very little room, when taken apart; and blades of any 
desired coarseness of teeth may be used. It will be noticed that 



Fig. 2S!). JSIcXiece's Detachable Compass Saw. 


the binding screw grips the back of the blade instead of the 
side, as is usually the case with such tools. Mr. McNiece will 
furnish blades for this saw with teeth pointing towards the butt, 


* Made by Wm. McNiece, 525 Cherry Street, Philadelphia. 



























197 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


so as to have the desirable “ pull cut 1 ' recommended on page 17 
(see Figs. 10 and 11). 

An Egyptian Pull Cut Saw is shown in Fig. 290. 



Fig. 290, Ancient Egyptian Saw, 


Pruning Saws. —Referring to the pruning saw (Figs. 33 and 
34, p. 32), we would prefer giving “pull-cut” teeth or M teeth, to 
the crosscut teeth shown in the illustrations. 

A Sensible Pruning Saw, which they use out in California, 
has teeth pointing toward the handle, and find that it will trim 
off a shoot neatly where a push-cut blade would tear all before 
it; and when it comes to stouter limbs the weight of the body 
can be put on it. 

The Butcher’s or Meat Saw (Fig. 291) has a straight blade 
strained by a screw in a somewhat elastic back frame or bow. It 



v uww^v/www^A /v wy //yyvwy / y/ywvvy ’yvv 


Fig. 291. Batcher’s Sato, 


has no set, as the tough, hard character of the bone requires none; 
and clearance is not very necessary where the walls of the cut are 
so thoroughly lubricated by grease. 

Table and Compass Saws should be thinner at the back than 
on the cutting edge, to prevent pinching. 









































198 


SUPPLEMENT. 


“Crosscut” Sawdust is granular, but “rip” sawdust should 
be in the form of chips. 

Kow to Choose a Saw and Keep it in Order. —“In select¬ 
ing a saw it is best to get one with a name on it that has some 
‘reputation.’ If a man desires to purchase a first-class watch, he 
selects a maker who has attained a reputation. This remark ap¬ 
plies in the choice of a saw or any other tool. The first point 
to be observed in the selection of a handsaw is to see that it 
‘hangs’ right. Grasp it by the handle and hold it in position for 
working. Then try if the handle fits the hand properly. These 
are points of great importance for comfort and utility. A handle 
ought to be symmetrical and the lines as perfect as any drawing. 
Many handles are made out of green wood; they soon shrink and 
become loose, the screws standing above the wood. Handle wood 
should be seasoned three years before using. An unseasoned 
handle is apt to warp and throw out of truth. The next thing in 
order is to try the blade by springing it. Then see that it bends 
regularly and even from point to butt in proportion as the width 
and gauge of the saw vary. If the blade is too heavy in com¬ 
parison with the teeth, the saw will never give satisfaction, be¬ 
cause it will require more labor to use it. The thinner you can 
get a thin saw the better. It makes less kerf, and takes less mus¬ 
cle to direct it. This principle applies to a well-ground saw. 
There is less suction and friction on a narrow, true saw than on a 
wide one. You will get a smaller portion of saw blade, but will 
save hundreds of dollars’ worth of manual labor at a very little 
loss of width of blade. 

“See that it is well set and sharpened and has a good crowning 
breast; and get a proper light to strike on it; you can then see 
if there is any imperfection in grinding or hammering. ‘ We 
should invariably make a cut before purchasing a saw, even if we 
had to carry a board to the hardware store.’ 

“ Handsaws should be set on a stake or small anvil with one 
blow of the hammer.* A high-tempered saw takes'three or four 
blows of the hammer, as they are apt to break by attempting to 
set with only one blow. This is a severe test, and no tooth ought 
to break afterward in setting, nor will it if the mechanic adopts 







GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


199 


the proper method. The saw that is easily set and filed is easily 
made dull. 

“We have frequent complaints about hard saws, but they are 
not as hard as we would make them if we dared; but we should 
never be able to introduce a harder saw until the mechanic is 
educated to a more correct method of setting his saw. The prin¬ 
cipal point is that too many try to get part of the body out of the 
plate, when the whole of the set must be got out of the tooth— 
setting below the root of the tooth distorts and strains the saw- 
plate. This may cause a full-tempered cast-steel blade to crack, 
and eventually break at this spot; but it is always an injury, even 
% if it does not break or crack.” 

Hardening Saw Points.— A Canadian patent of N. Wharton 
is for hardening the points of the teeth of a mill saw more than 
their base and the blade. As the teeth ultimately wear away by 
filing, we cannot see where the advantage of leaving the bases 
soft comes in. 

Round Saw Back. —A patent was taken out on a round bar 

* 

for a tenon saw back, the blade not being gained into the bar, but 
touching it along its entire length. 

Making very Small Straight Blades. —Where it is required 
to make very fine teeth, as for small scroll saws, hack saws made 
from watch spring or “hoop-skirt wire,” the teeth may be made 
regular in space, depth, and pitch, and the work greatly facilitated 
by the use of a guide, seen in Fig, 292. This is simply a steel rod 



Fig. 292. Making Small Straight Blades. 


with the end upset and filed to fit the required tooth outline. The 
first notch being made (that .at the point) the guide is applied 
therein and the file used against it, moving the guide on one 
space as each new tooth is made. 







200 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Lengths, Sizes, and Spaces of Unstrained, Unguided 
Saws. — (Class 4) expressed metrically, and corresponding to 
table on page 30. 


Taper 


Backed 




Thickness. 

Points per decimeter 


Length, Cm. 

A 


= 3.937 inches. 


( 



Inches. 

Millim. 


Band, 

Hip, 

G6.04 

.042 

1.0668 

20 to 48 

71.12 to 7G.20 

.049 

1.2446 

i 12 to 20 ) Heel, 
j 24 to 32 ] Point. 



- 

( .7012 


Panel, 

35.56 to 60.96 

.028 to .035 

( .8890 

32 to 48 

Compass, * 

25.40 to 50.80 

.065 

1.7510 


Keyhole,* 

17.78 to 22.86 

.032 

.8128 
C .7012 


Tenon, 

15.24 to 45.72 

.028 to. 03 5 

\ to 

44 to 60 




( .8890 





L .8890 


Miter, 

50.80 to 76 20 

.035 to.042 

\ to 

40 to 44 




( 1.0688 



Barthelme’s Reaming Saw (IT. S. Patent, No. 239,098. 
April 5, 1881).—There are three kinds of tapering teeth, ft, e, g, 
placed in line. Teeth ft having inclined cutting edges a, teeth e 
having oppositely inclined cutting edges eft, and teeth g having flat 
edges/, the operation of the saw is to produce a triangular groove. 



« .7/ e 


FUj. 2!)3. 


* For curved sawing. 






































201 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


CROSSCUT. 


The Crosscut Saw. —The ordinary crosscut saw, among the 
most primitive and most generally used implements, is one of the 
advance couriers of civilization. It penetrates the forest almost 
with rifle and axe, and far in advance of the surveyor’s chain, aud 
once it enters a countrvit stavs there. It remains a useful mem- 

«/ 4 / 

ber of society, despite its crudity. It is its very simplicity that 
bas caused it to be so tenacious.of its position among needful im¬ 
plements. It requires no foundations, no motor, no special prepa¬ 
ration. Where the axe leaves a tree, there the crosscut takes it; 
and from the newly fallen log upon the virgin shores, to the busy 
ship-yard that succeeds the primeval forest, the crosscut is never 
hung up. And yet it is an aggravating, fatiguing, slow-working 
affair. 

Disadvantages of the Crosscut. —In the first place, it re¬ 
quires great muscular exertion from the weakest muscles of the 
body. In the second, it not only develops one side of the body at 
the expense of the other, but by unnecessarily fatiguing one side 
without giving it any reserve member, it lessens the capacity of 
the operator, already working at a disadvantage, with weak mus¬ 
cles, to do heavy work. In the third place, in most positions, 
where the log lies upon the ground, the position of the sawyer is 
uncomfortable, unhealthy, and still further lessens his capacity 
for work. In the fourth place, the operator must often clear 
away a space in the brush and snow for room to work in. 

In this country especially there have been many improvements 
made in the crosscut, as in all sawing implements. The heavy 
bow-frame of sapling sprung into an arc, still used by the cross 
sawyer in Europe, has no place here. 1 lie curved edge of the 
blade has been brought from the top to the bottom or cutting 
edo-e, in order that as the saw wears away the middle (as it natu¬ 
rally does) the wear of the blade may be taken up, and still leave 
it a capable tool. In the third place, the shape of the teeth has 
been very carefully chosen to suit various requiicmcnts. Cioss- 

18 


202 


SUPPLEMENT. 


cutting lias become a regular cutting, and not a mere abrasion. 
The M tooth has been employed to give the best cutting edge 
with the best facility for sharpening. Perforations have been in¬ 
troduced along the line of the gullets to lessen the time, labor, 
and expense of filing, while insuring that the teeth remain at the 
proper distance and size, and perhaps cooling the blade. The 
gullets are made deeper in the centre of the edge than at the ends, 
for the same purpose that the cutting edge itself has been made 
convex. The handle has become a convenient affair by which the 
tool may be firmly grasped and guided, and modifications have 
been introduced by which one man may do very heavy cross¬ 
cutting. But with all these improvements the crosscut wears a 
man out, makes him lop-sided, and uses only the muscles of his 
arms and shoulders. The disadvantages have led to the rapid 
introduction of the “ riding drag saw,” of which an illustration is 
given, Fig. 27, page 29. 

Taper Gauge. —The crosscut, more than any other saw, re¬ 
quires to be tapering in gauge, as shown in Fig. 294; the back a 



6 


a 


Fig. 21)4:, Section Shotving Taper, 


being thinner than the edge b. Where there is not enough taper, 
enough set must be given to effect the same result. 

Belly .—The crosscut blade is always made wider in the middle 
than at the ends (frequently twice as wide), and this extra width 
is generally put on the cutting side—to counteract the rocking 
tendency of the sawyer, and to allow for the extra wear that the 
middle of the saw gets. Yery often there is a section of fine 
teeth at each end of a crosscut, to start with; and some makers 
put deeper gullets in the central portion, to give more dust room, 
and save time, files, and gumming. (See Fig. 295.) 





Fig. 295. Swelled Blade , with Graduated Gullets. 













GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


203 


Perforated Crosscuts.— Out in the backwoods, among snow 
and underbrush, where emery wheel gumming machines are not 
get-at-able or usable, perforations in crosscuts are special blessings 
to sawyers. But perforated blades are not at all recommended for 
gummy timber. 

A correspondent writes: “As to perforated teeth, I am entirely 
at loggerheads. A very little is saved in gumming, but the lia¬ 
bility of breaking out in the cut is so great that it destroys their 
usefulness. I have seen a perforated tooth saw with four or five 
teeth gone right in succession. This was done by first breaking 
off* one tooth in a hard cut in an oak log in winter. 

“.The theory of allowing for fluttering by perforations does not 
hold good at all. I have seen these saws flutter and roll the same 
as any saw worn at the edge.” 

The Varieties of Crosscut Teeth are legion—hook, crook, 
double hook, double crook, V’s, M’s, W’s, and all their variations 
and combinations, with cleaners or plows in every possible alter¬ 
nation ; and each or all of these in infinite difference of acuteness, 
set, rake, and cross-angle. 

Fig. 296 shows in full size an arrangement of teeth of crosscuts 
very popular in some quarters. The scorers or cutters are single 
teeth with alternate fleam to left and right. The cleaners or 
plows are of course shorter than the cutters; they are double, 
and have no fleam. We approve of the idea of giving no fleam 
to cleaner teeth, but highly object to the square-shaped gullets 
between the teeth, and also to the notches in the plows. These 
should have rounded outlines, which are easier to make and leave 
a stronger plate. 

Of the crosscuts made by the American Saw Company, and 
illustrated on pages 43 to 47 inclusive, the Premium is the most 
sold and the Champion next. 

The “Climax” Crosscut, page 40, has cutting teeth in com¬ 
bination with clearing teeth, placed face to face , and not bach to 
back , as is the usual manner. 

The Lightning Crosscut.— Among its advantages, not enu¬ 
merated in the first edition, may be mentioned the fact that teeth 





Fig, 296. Crosscut. 


Fig. 297. 

Doable Skew Taper Blade 













































































































































































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


205 


of uniform length are easier to sharpen than where the elearers 
are shorter than the cutters; and as the teeth are double and the 
gullets arch-shaped, they may be gummed deeper than V-toothed 
blades—thus saving expense and frequent repairs. 

The New American Crosscut was recently brought out to 
accommodate the tendency towards more cutting teeth. 

Fig. 297 shows a form of two-man crosscut, which has convex 
cutting edge and a double curved taper on the back, correspond¬ 
ing somewhat to the “skew bevel” hand saws of the same eminent 
makers. In this saw, as toothed in the cut, the teeth are plain 
Vs, set and Beamed alternately to left and right; but of course 
any style of tooth will go with this style of plate; the cut being 
given only to show the outline of the blade. 

Handles for Crosscuts. —The log crosscut in some parts of 
Europe has a stout straining bow of wood, for some purpose to 
the writer unknown. Possibly saw makers there cannot make 
their saws stiff enough to keep straight, even with a stout man at 
each end. Our American manufacturers are especially strong on 
convenient crosscut handles, readily and firmly attached to the 
blades, and of a comfortable shape. 

Peace’s Crosscut Handle (U. S. Patent, No. 238,960, March 
15, 1881, Fig. 299) has two adjustable curved plates B B' ; B 



Vrvv^rrY 

Fig. 20 S. Crosscut Handle. 



Fig. 200. 



Peace 9 s Crosscut Handle. 




































































































































206 


SUPPLEMENT. 


having four projecting arms c c', d d', one arm being shorter than 
the others, and all so arranged that by a bolt and thumb nut i, 
the handle may be secured on the plane of the saw blade or at an 
angle thereto, without being moved therefrom. 


Emerson’s Crosscut (U. S. Patent, No. 239,156, March 22, 
1881) has sections B , having scoring teeth b V in pairs, one pair, 
5, set to one side of the blade and the other pair, 5', set to the 
opposite side. There are also sections c, having scoring teeth c 
and c' with graduated slots or spaces deepest in the centre of the 
saw. (See Fig. 300.) 


D r* 

n ° Z> 

Fig. 300. Emerson’s Crosscut. 

Boynton’s Curving Crosscut Saw (U.S. Patent, No. 239,710, 

April 5, 1881) has its edges formed with reversed curves or 
swells, these curves being arranged on each edge of the saw so as 
to permit its breadth and thickness to be diminished to lessen 
its friction surface and allow a less set to the teeth without im¬ 
pairing the strength of the saw or rendering liable to buckle. We 
have no knowledge of these saws having been used. (See Fig. 301.) 





Fig. 301. Boynton’s Curving Crosscut. 








207 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


MAG AND PIT SAWS. 


Pit Saws .—A long time ago, when many ships were built of 
wood, and their heavy sides were laboriously framed of carefully 
sawed timbers, “pit-sawing” was much in vogue, and was also a 
common method of getting out straight boards and planks from 
the round or squared logs. The pit sawyers had a long taper 
blade (Fig. 302), a “pit” or “whip” saw, having a handle at each 
end, and the “top sawyer” and “bottom sawyer” pulling one in, 
the other above, the saw pit, made alternate bows, and slowly 
worked their way through the log’s length. Sometimes these 
saws were held in a rectangular straining frame, which did not 
make the upstroke any the easier. This straining frame was the 
precursor of the “gate” or “sash” of the present day. 

Double Cutting* Butting Saws (Fig. 303) are now coming 
more into use, and still in many cases called “drag” saws, although 
they cut on the thrust as well as on the drag stroke. 

» 

Depth of Drag Saw Cut. —The cut of the drag saw may be 
deepened by weighting the blade; a sliding weight being sup¬ 
plied, with a set screw to hold it in any desired place to give the 
desired leverage. 








208 


SUPPLEMENT 



Fig. 302. 
Fit Saw Blade. 







■ 


Fig. 303. 

Double Acting Butting Saw. 
























GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


209 


THE JIG SAW. 

Jig Saws. —Henry L. Beach, Jig Saw Maker, Montrose, Pa., 
states that strained jig saw blades “are made all lengths and all 
widths from 1 to wide, and from 13 to 18 inches long. Nearly 
all the saws used in my machines are 18, 19, and 20 gauge. 
Those T S g-" wide should have*8 points; J", 7 points; -|", 5 points; 
J", 4-| points to the inch, and run with as little set as possible 
for smooth work. For heavy sawing I often use saws 16 inches 



& 

Fig. 304. Fret Saw Work. 


long, one inch wide at the upper end, Or at the lower end, 
with three teeth to the inch. I consider the taper saw a good 
thing for heavier classes of work, but for ordinary sawing the 
& 19 













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































210 


SUPPLEMENT 








































































































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


211 


straight saw is the best. Some sawyers use bevelled backs, 

c-' 7 

saws ground thin on the back and left thick on the front. 
These require no set and work smooth. The objection is that 
the feathering weakens the blade too much. Have never seen 
any round saws; they must, however, prove a failure so far as 
doing smooth work and making smooth corners, which is desir¬ 
able. The best stroke is inches for all kinds of work, and the 
speed should be 850 to 900; 1000 to 1-100 speed is often adver¬ 
tised to be the best, and in machines giving little or no strain a 
high speed is desirable, but it is death to the machine. 850 speed 
with 50 lbs. strain will do more work, do it.better, and the ma¬ 
chine will stand it.” 

Strained vs. Unstrained Scroll Saws. —“Saws not strained 
by a spring above the table become convex on the back edge and 
can be used only on thin, light work, while strained jig saws are 
actually at use at present upon ‘piano desk work,’ and are pro¬ 
ducing more work than the gate-saw, which has always been 
thought to be the only one which could be advantageously used 
for the purpose.”—P. Pryibil. 









212 


SUPPLEMENT. 


THE MULAY. 

The Mulay has an unstrained blade, driven from below and 
guided at the top in ways, and by reason of the absence of the 
heavy straining frame, capable of high speed and great output. 
It cuts, of course, on the pull stroke only. For log sawing it is 
used, principally in the Western States of America, in places 
where there is but small water power and but a limited amount 
of sawing. For scroll sawing its use has extended both east and 
west from Cincinnati, where it is said to have been first used for 
this purpose. The only advantage the sash has over the mulay 
is, that a saw so wretchedly filed that it would be impossible to 
run it through a log as a mulay, can be pulled through a log when 
strained in a frame. But it will not, however, make straight 
lumber even when thus strained. As a log mulay should make 
about 300 to 350 strokes per minute, all tbe moving parts (espe¬ 
cially the reciprocating parts) should be as light as possible. 

Snyder’s Mulay. —In one of the best forms known to us 
(Snyder’s), the lower end of the blade is held in a cross-head run¬ 
ning between guides, and the connection between the saw and 
cross-head is a ball-and-socket joint, so that the blade can be 
easily adjusted to run in line with the carriage, and also be given 
the proper rake. The upper guide, which is lifted by the blade 
itself, needs to be specially light, and is made of wood. As it is 
lifted by the blade and friction tends to buckle the blade no less 
than weight does, it should fit very loosely. But as the cross¬ 
head ordinarily employed would, if it had a loose fit, permit the 
blade to move from its proper adjustment in the centre line of the 
carriage, a new mode of guiding has been devised. The entire 
machine is seen in Fig. 306. 

Fig. 307 shows the old and the new way of guidance. In the 
old plan, where the cross-head and guides were at right angles to 
the width of the blade (see B, B), a very little looseness of fit 
gave considerable disalignment. But, by clamping the blade D 
between wooden pieces C, parallel with its width, and putting the 
ways fore and aft, as at F, E, considerable play may be allowed in 




Fig. 306. Snyder’s Mulay Guide . 



B 

Fig. 307• Comparison of Mulay Guides. 

























































































































214 


SUPPLEMENT. 


the guides without the blade getting out of the centre of the kerf 
line. Diagonal boards (Fig. 307) help guide the blade, and are 
adjusted so as to just clear the log and help to guide it above. 
They are adjusted by a rack and pinion, and hand-wheel. . 

For log sawing the blade is generally 10" to 12" wide, and 
thick as a maximum, as a minimum; the most common gauge 
being No. 7, or about T 3 g-". The stroke for a 7-foot mulay is gen¬ 
erally 28". 

Andrews’ Mulay Fastening is shown in Fig. 308. A is the 
blade, B the permanently attached clamp, C the movable strap 



and bolt, D the wedge, and E the holding bolt. It will be seen 
that as the saw plate wears away, C can be run backwards; and 
that all desired adjustments can be readily made. The strap C 
holds to the clamp by the hooks a a. 

Mulay Saws on the Pacific Coast,— Mulays are very little 
used on the Pacific coast. As far as we can learn, none are in use 
on Puget Sound, and only a few in Mendocino and Humboldt, the 
great red-wood districts of California. There they are employed 
in a few mills only to take the slabs oft the largest logs to reduce 
their size. 

































215 


grimshaw on saws. 

Some of these mulays are wider at the top than at the heel. 
These are thought by some to cut better and make a lighter saw 

than the straight blades, and to have more strength at the top 
where it is needed. 

“Mulays for Log Sawing are but little used, except in mills 
where there is but a limited amount of sawing.”—[J. A. Fay & Co.] 


THE SASH. 

The Object of the Frame or Sash is to secure guidance in 
right lines, and to enable the use of a thin and narrow blade. 

The Single Sash is sometimes used where it is desired simply 
to rip a log to show its quality at the heart. 


The Two-Bladed Sash serves to square a log in two passes. 
It is much used for this purpose in France. 

Gang Mill Sawing Machines are used in America only in 
the large lumber districts. They are known as round or flat, 
according as the logs they slit have or have not been previously 
squared on two sides. 

Bound Gangs are more economical of timber than flat; the 
boards being afterwards “edged” square by small circulars. 

The Strain upon a gang sash is often 5 to 6 tons per blade. 

Straining Sash Gangs. —The mode of hanging the blades is 
deserving of special attention. Improved American usage (such, 
for instance, as that of E. Andrews, of Williamsport) is, in this 
respect, far superior to foreign. It is well known that, with 
proper straining, very thin saws can be run; while it is difficult 



216 


SUPPLEMENT. 


to make even a thick saw work well when not properly strained. 
When blades are strained by holes and tug-pins, it is necessary to 
punch or drill the iirst hole near the cutting edge, so that that 
part may receive the most strain. As the saw wears away, an¬ 
other hole is made, of course at some little distance from the first, 
thus preventing the blade being strained in line with blank space 
between the holes. 

Mistakes in punching or in drilling often cause the saw to be 
given too much or too little overhang, in either of which cases it 
will work badly. By the use of the horse and stirrups, shown on 
page 23, and herewith, the holes are made at the factory, and 
never changed; the saws being plated with straps at each end, 
and the rake given simply by moving it more or less in either 
direction through the top stirrup. Fig. 309 shows a strap; Fig. 


Fig. 300. Fig. 310. Fig. 311. 

Vi 



m 

Andreivs 9 Sash Fastenings. 


Fig. 312. 










































































































































































217 


GRIMSIIAW ON SAWS. 



Fig, 313, Snyder's Round Sash Gang. 

























































































































































































































































218 


SUPPLEMENT. 


810 the bottom hook; Fig. 311 the top stirrup on a smaller scale; 
Fig. 312 is the hook attachment for the lower end of the blade to 
the lower girt. As the blade “wears away, the strain line may 
be moved back by moving the hooks along the straps. This 
arrangement permits instant changes in the rake, to accommodate 
either hard or soft wood. In fitting a gate for these hooks, all 
that is necessary is to drill three holes through the bottom girt of 
the gate and attach a fiat piece of iron. This holds the hooks in 
place on removing the saw, and prevents them from falling when 
the saw is removed. One set of hooks answers for any number 
of blades. The lips of the hooks and of the stirrups are made on a 
circle to prevent straining at the corners where the blade is given 
rake or overhang. Some sawyers of experience find thin saw's to 
work best when part of the desired rake is given by packing the 
top bar of the gate, to bring the strain more nearly on a line with 
the bottom of the saw teeth. This invention has been thoroughly 
tested, and proved to be all that is claimed for it. 

“Rake” for Reciprocating Blades. —It is desirable that the 
straight line which passes through the tooth points be inclined 
forward, or “raked,” to let the cant advance when the blade rides. 
(See Fig. 314.) This rake should be so regulated that the blade 



Fig. 314. Exaggerated Rake, 


in descending shall not pass, during part of the stroke, through 
the kerf already made—as this would lessen the capacit\ r of the 
machine. 










GRIMSHAW ON SAWS 


219 


Snyder Bros,’ Rule for Rake is “give y 1 ^" more than the 
feed in the same length. Say feed crank 12", the saw should 
have a rake of to the foot.” 


Fig. 313. 



Fig. 316. 



Hubbard’s Sectional Mill Web. Usual Type of Mill Saw Blade 






































22 


SUPPLEMENT 


Hubbard’s Sectional Saw (U. S. Reissued Patent, No. 9657. 
April 12, 1881) consists of longitudinal sections—the front sec¬ 
tion, which is the saw proper, having teeth, and the other sections 
being blank, and of a thickness equal to or less than that of the 
front section. Sections are so connected as to permit of inde¬ 
pendent longitudinal expansion. 

Double Cutting Sash Saw. —The strained sash saw origin¬ 
ally cut on one stroke only; not cutting on the return. There 
are now horizontal strained saws which cut both ways ; and one 
or two vertical machines which do the same thing imperfectly. 

Double Cutting Mill Saws with single cutting teeth, one 
half pointing one way, and the other in the opposite direction, 
have been patented by T. Davis. 



Overh it ruj Mula tj. 

















































Statistics of Mill Saws. (Worssam.) 
TIMBER FRAMES. 


GRIMSIIAW ON SAWS. 


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222 


SUPPLEMENT. 


CIRCULAR. 

Thickness of Plates. —Circulars are used thinner in Wiscon¬ 
sin than in Michigan. For instance, 60-inch disks are used as 
thin as 10 gauge (0.134 inch), having teeth 2J inches apart. The 
Wisconsin timber may be a trifle softer than the Michigan (being 
more like Norway pine); but our informant considers the sawyers 
more skilful. The gauge demanded depends upon the kind of 
timber and its general condition, but more upon the amount of 
care displayed in the management. Generally, the thicker the 
saw the more you can force matters and have it run straight. For 
general sawing in New England, 7 or 8 gauge straight is recom¬ 
mended as about as thin as practicable, for board saws 46 to 60 
inches in diameter. 

Kim Tapering. —Referring to the modern American system 
of rim tapering, Mr. C. E. Grandy says: “I have obtained the 
best results from 7-gauge straight, and do not fancy using wedges 
for saws. In every case of rim taper, I notice that the sawyer 
has to use enough set to clear the centre, or his plate would warm. 
If this be so, of what use is it to have the three gauges ground 
off at the edge? In sawing thin boards only, or resawing with a 
thick spreader, this is all right, as there is a saving of kerf* and 
greater stiffness of the saw obtained by the rim taper.” 

Number of Teeth for Circulars.— The same sawyer says: 
“ I have settled on forty teeth in common board saws, say from 
forty-four to fifty-four inches in diameter. Too many teeth con 
sume too much power. If there be too few, they are not strong- 
enough to stand the average work.” 

Dished Circulars. —A distinction must be made between a 
“dished circular,” made with a permanently and intentionally 
dished plate, and a “dishing” circular, intended to be flat but 
having got “rim-bound.” 


Kerf is sometimes called “scarf,” and also written “carf.” 







GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


228 


The dished circular was designed in 1806, by Trotter, for the 
purpose of curved and bevel sawing. 

The temper of a concave saw, in our opinion, ought to be a 
good and as high as any ordinary circular doing the same nature 
of work. The custom has been to leave the saw much softer, to 
avoid breaking in the hands of the saw-maker; but a soft saw will 
not hold the set when cutting hard wood heading. The disk is 
made to a true circle, and in diameter corresponding to the heads it 
is to circle, providing the heads are cut square on their periphery, 
as cheese-box heads are made. To make a seventeen-inch cheese- 
box, use a saw dished to a circle of seventeen inches; and for a 
seventeen-inch flour-barrel head, with bevel, use a saw dished to 
a circle of twenty-four inches. The same saw may be used for 
making various sizes of heading having bevelled edges, by chang¬ 
ing the angle of the axis of the head in relation to that of the saw. 
In that case the bevel on the heading is also changed or altered 
to suit the saw. In a small head they are sharper, and in a large 
head stunted. Concave saws, sawing bevelled heading, must be 
filed as a ripping saw, or square across the tooth. 

Cutting Action of Circular Saw. —Fig. 317, photo-engraved 
from a full-sized sketch, shows the action of a 60-inch saw cut¬ 
ting in a 20-inch cant. As shown by the photo-reduction of 
the actual-sized drawing, the radius of the saw is 30 inches, 
thickness (or light) of the cant 20 inches, radius of collar 4 
inches, radius of arbor 1J inch. The cut shows 10 successive 
positions of the saw disk, in passing through the log. The 10 
arcs of circles are drawn with radii of 30 inches, 3 inches 
apart. Each arc is exactly a quadrant or 90°. Each of these 
arcs touches the base line or line of centres at a point 30 
inches from its centre. The centres being 3 inches apart, the 
distances between the arcs, showing the position of the rim upon 
the line of centres, are each exactly 3 inches. Running verti¬ 
cals from the successive positions of the centre, 3 inches apart, 
all these verticals are 3 inches apart. Running a horizontal line 
along the points of tangency, parallel to the line of centres and 
perpendicular to the verticals from the successive positions of the 
centres, it will be seen that the distances between the points of 
tangency, measured upon this line of tangents, are the same as 


224 


SUPPLEMENT. 



those between the centres, the same as between the successive 
positions of the rim upon the line of centres, and the same as 
the distance between the verticals. The sides of the cant are 



















































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


225 


parallel to each other, to the line of centres, and to the line of tan¬ 
gents. The distances between the verticals from the successive 
positions of the centres, are, if measured upon the top edge of the 
cant, or upon the bottom edge of the same cant, the same as meas¬ 
ured upon the line of centres, or upon the line of tangents, or any¬ 
where else—-just 3 inches. The distance between the curves 
showing successive positions of the saw rim upon the top edge of 
the cant, is just the same as the distances between the centres, be¬ 
tween the verticals, and between the points of tangency—namely, 
just 8 inches. The distance between the curves showing the 
successive positions of the rim upon the bottom edge of the cant 
is the same as that between the centres, between the points of 
tangency, between the verticals, and between the successive posi¬ 
tions of the rim, measured upon the line of centres—namely, 3 
inches. The horizontal distance between the successive positions 
of the rim, measured along any line parallel to the line of centres, 
the line of tangency, the top edge of the cant, and the bottom 
edge of the cant, is just 3 inches. It cannot be made to measure 
more, nor less. It can be proved geometrically, and it can be 
measured by any one having 30 inches of string to draw sharp 
circles, and a 2 foot rule to draw and measure the straight lines. 

Owing to the advancing movement of the cant, the scratches 
made by the teeth of the saw are not exactly circles, but they 
follow the same rule, as regards their distances apart, as do the . 
circular arcs showing the successive positions of the saw rim. 

In other words , the saw scratches are the same distance apart meas¬ 
ured along the top edge or the bottom edge of the cant. 

If they were not, it would be necessary for the top edge of the 
cant to be different in length from the bottom , or for the cant to be 
fed in upon an arc of the circle so as to give less feed to the top 

edge than to the bottom. 

In making a drawing on this subject, do not be misled by the 

parallel curves appearing to meet at the top. 

This photo-engraving of the full-sized sketch may be relied upon 
as settling beyond all controversy the fact that the tooth scratches 
■made by the circular saw are the same distance apart at the top as 
upon the bottom of the log, 

21 


220 


SUPPLEMENT. 


“Virginia Rail Fence/ 9 —Sometimes a circular gets a notion 
of running crooked in the edge, even while cold, although not 
sprung, and when standing seemingly true and both sides alike. 
In this case it is too large at the rim, and tends to wrinkle, 
although not enough to show when standing; but the additional 
stretch, caused by centrifugal force under motion, causes further 
rim expansion, and dishes the plate on one diameter to one side, 
and exactly the reverse on the diameter at right angles. This 
trouble is apt to occur with inserted tooth saws, simply by over¬ 
straining the edge by riveting or by too close a fit of the teeth. 
Dirty or greasy dust or rust in the groove of the teeth, will cause 
the same trouble. 

Trembling or Fluttering at the edge is caused by lack of 
balance, one side being gummed or filed more than another. An 
ounce of steel on one side of a saw running at 800 or 900 revolu¬ 
tions per minute, will cause this trouble. See that the teeth are 
all alike as to size, or, at least there is as much metal on one side 
of the saw as on the other, counting from any diameter. To cure 
fluttering, mount the saw on an arbor on two steel straight edges, 
and file the teeth on the heavy side until it balances. To prevent, 
use a sheet metal template. 

Sawdust Packing. —Sawdust packs in the side of the log and 
board, sometimes on account of the shape of the gullet. If the 
tooth be nearly straight, from three-fourths of an inch from the 
point to the bottom of the tooth next behind, there will be less 
trouble from this. 

Another cause is frozen or slightly thawed sawdust that strikes 
the side of the log or board, and sticks to it long enough to crowd 
in between the plate and timber. This occurs when the timber 
is thawing out slightly, and in this case a little extra set will help 
the matter. 

A “Bull’s Eye” is sometimes caused by getting a piece of 
slab down between the saw and the frame, and the question is 
whether or not to run out the stock before sending the saw to be 
hammered. 

Grandy says: “This will depend on how close a workman you 





GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


227 


aie. By giving the saw more set than usual, and reducing the 
feed, you may run and do fair work, but at the expense of power 
and good mechanical principles. A better way would be to take 
a block of hard wood endwise to the grain, and lay the saw flat 
on the block, bulged side up ; take a two pound or three pound 
hammer, and, by heavy blows, force it down. Lay a piece of 
thick pasteboard on the saw to receive the blows, and prevent 
stretching the plate, for if you do this by light blows, you make 
the matter worse. Try with a straight edge after each blow.” 

Cats’ Tails .—The sawyer is often troubled in cutting sapling 
pine in the summer, by what are called in Vermont “cats’ tails,” 
or the inside bark slipping off and rolling in beside the plate, heat¬ 
ing the saw. This may be remedied by filing the tooth consider¬ 
ably, shearing say 20 J ; that is, about the same as for bolting or 
cutting off. Shearing is not recommended when the logs are 
frozen, unless the saw is of unusual thickness. 

Crowding the Log. —It sometimes happens that the circular 
saw crowds the log, and gets warm. Although it seems true when 
cold, and pains have been taken to file and set both sides alike, it 
seems impossible to make it run well unless it be given more set 
on the log side. This is a common trouble with inexperienced 
sawyers, and the remedy a foolish one, in fact, “getting Satan in 
to drive out Satan,” as the doctors say. If the saw be true the 
trouble is, that it ranged out of the log; or else the collars, 
although they may have been right once, are not right from hav¬ 
ing accumulated rust and dirt on the face of the collar, near the 
centre. This causes the disk to become crowning on the log side. 
To remedy this, take an old file, break it off so as to form a scraper 
or turning tool, fix a solid rest, take out the check pins, and run 
the arbor quite slowly; hold the tool firmly, and turn off the rust, 
and, perhaps, a little of the iron, according to the condition of the 
collar. Use a gauge to test with, and leave the collar a little 
concave. Clean off the loose collar also, and then if the disk be 
true and ranged parallel with the line of motion of the carriage, 
it will probably run straight without the necessity of giving one 
side more set than the other, or filing one side more shearing than 
the other, both of which are makeshifts or botches. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Hammering. —In the matter of hammering, if the smith could 
stand at the brake, and saw 100,000 feet of lumber, after hammer¬ 
ing each saw, lie could learn more in one year than otherwise in 
ten. 

Temper of Circulars. —Disstons say that a circular saw cam 
not be too hard (but a handsaw should have a “Damascus 
temper”). 

Nonhammered Saws. —Mr. C. E. Grandy, South Barton, Yt., 
says: “I have such a saw 52" press tempered to run 900 revolu¬ 
tions, to feed 2 inches in maple often running 30 M feet. The 
saw took the shape of a tea saucer; returned it to the maker, 
repressed it, rehammered it, sawed 100 M feet. It took the shape 
of a worm rail fence most of the time. Then I sent it to another 
manufacturer, had it hammered to run 800; we sawed 1,000,000 
with it; it wore to 49", and is doing good work now.” 

The Brooke Removable Teeth (Fig. 318) have claimed for 
them the following advantages over others of the same class: 
large throat, hence greater clearance; greater amount of metal 
to wear away; capability of being swaged ; adaptability to very 
thin plates; interchangeability with the “new” in the same disk. 

We give beneath the thinnest disks used with the “Brooke” 
and the “ new” teeth of the American Saw Company. 


Nos. 

Gauges. 

Thickness in inches. 

Thickness in mm. 

1 

4 to 10 

.238 to .134 

6.05 to 3.30 

2 

7 to 12 

.18 to .109 

4.57 to 2.77 

3 

10 to 18 

.134 to .049 

3.30 to 1.24 

4 

12 to 20 

.109 to .035 

2.77 to 0.89 


For hard wood the 11 short new ” removable tooth No. 1 or 2, is 
recommended by the makers; and the Brooke teeth may be tem¬ 
porarily replaced by it in the same disks. 

To the Operator using “ Brooke ” Inserted Teeth. —“When chang¬ 
ing the bits or teeth, be careful not to drive or expand the rivet 
so much as to strain the saw plate, nor to head it too much. Place 
the bit and spring together, and then put the heel of the spring as 













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































230 


SUPPLEMENT. 


close in its corner as possible, with the point of* the plate entered 
into the groove of the bit, keeping the lower part of the bit with 
the adjoining part of the spring just clear from the plate sideways, 
until both are turned into the groove so far that they will drop 
over the lug into their place. A swage may be used on the point 
if necessary to bring them to place, and the small end or pin of 
the wrench to draw the spring down before inserting the rivet. 
The rivet should be driven or expanded only enough to set the 
spring firmly in the bottom part. If it is found that the spring 
does not hold the bit tight enough when the rivet is in, do not try 
to tighten it by driving the rivet more, but with a light hammer 
give one or two blows on the side of the spring near the inner or 
throat edge about opposite the lug and rivet, holding a sledge on 
the opposite side. This will expand the spring on that edge so 
that it will press more firmly on the bit. The hand screw-press, 
with wrench, is used for forcing out the rivet, and makes the 
changing of bits quick and easy. 

“After the bits are in, the first thing is to round and joint off* 
the teeth, and put the saw in working order. If any of the bits 
are found to stand more on one side than the other, file off the 
full side. Do not attempt to bend or spring them over, as there 
is plenty of spread on the point to allow of their being jointed off 
on the side. Be careful to have the front of the bit the widest. 

. “ One set of these bits should last twenty-eight to thirty days 
of ten hours each. They have done so where both hard and soft 
timber were sawed.” 

New Lumberman’s Clipper. —Fig. 319 shows the “Lumber¬ 
man’s Clipper” tooth as at present made. It will be seen to differ 



Fig. 319. 


from that illustrated on page 77, which has square bottoms to the 
teeth. 








GRIMSIIAW ON SAWS. 


231 


Greatest Number of Teeth in a Disk.— The “ Brooke No. 


at the following distances:- 

Nos. 

1 

2 

3 

4 


The “ new” 

teeth may be placed 

Regular.” 

“ Short.” 


u 

31 

H 

2 

-- 

-- 

1" 


Inserted Toothed Circulars seem especially popular in Cali¬ 
fornia, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ohio, and for yellow pine in the 
Southern States. 


Economy in using Inserted Teeth Circulars. —Messrs. R. 
Hoe & Co., N. Y., write under date of May 10, 1881: “The prices 
of 54" and 56" saws are as follows :— 


One 54" solid circular, list 

less 40 per cent. 


boxing 

One 56" solid circular, list 

less 40 per cent. 


boxing 

One 54" chisel tooth, list 

less 10 per cent 


boxing 

One 56" chisel tooth, list 

less 10 per cent. 


boxing 


. .$105 00 
42 00 


$63 

00 

2 

40 

$125 

00 

50 

00 

$75 

00 

2 

60 

$160 

00 

16 

00 

$144 

00 

2 

40 

$180 

00 

18 

00 

$162 

00 

2 

60 


$65 40 


77 60 


146 40 


164 60 










232 


SUPPLEMENT. 


The prices of chisel tooth saws include the regular number of bits 
and shanks given with each saw. 

“The estimate referred to in your letter, ‘cost of inserted teeth 
to cut 1,000,000 feet of lumber about $35,’ is a fair one, though 
some of our customers have written that they cut with one set 
of bits in a 56" to 60" saw 95,000, 100,000, and even 120,000 
feet of lumber.” 

Inserted Teeth. —C. E. Grandy writes: “In the matter of in¬ 
serted toothed saws, I have used about every style made. Here, 
again, is too tine a theory for the average sawjmr or even saw- 
maker to carrv out. 

“Where keys as rivets are used, they are almost certain to 
buckle the edge of the saw. If the saw-maker succeeds in getting 
the right tension on the edge, the sawyer by the time he puts 
on a new set, or even puts in a few teeth, he is sure to spring the 
saw. 

“Itis proverbial in New Engkmd that one is ‘leaning up against 
the side of a mill like an inserted tooth saw.’ You will find one 
in most every mill, but they are superannuated, awaiting further 
orders. 

“ The style of turning in on a circle gave the best results where 
the tooth is held like a circular. In one of which I know the man¬ 
ufacturers did not get the tension right the first or second time. 
Trying the third time they put in a new set of teeth ; their teeth 
evidently did not fit tight, so they left the eye of the right tension 
and ran the saw successfullv until this set was worn out. 

“The first set being found I put them in, then the old story of 
the Virginia rail fence was repeated. I took the teeth out and 
ground the shanks narrower which received the strain, and I used 
this set of teeth successfully. 

“The theory that the plate of an inserted tooth saw is not de¬ 
stroyed by gumming is correct; but the texture of an inserted 
toothed saw is as costly as that of a solid tooth. My experience 
is that 1,000,000 feet sawed will necessitate new teeth , that is, 
where the power is good enough to carry 2 to 4" feed. If one 
will think this out he will see why where one is successful another 
is not. As to perforated teeth, I am entirely at loggerheads with 
them. 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


283 


A. very little is removed in gumming, but the liability of 
breaking out in the cut is so great that it destroys their useful¬ 
ness. I have seen a perforated, inserted tooth saw with four or 
five teeth in succession broken out. This was done by first break¬ 
ing oft one tooth in a hard cut of oak loo- 

^ • 

“ The.theory of allowing for expansion by perforation does not 
hold good at all. I have seen these saws flutter and roll the same 
as any saw warm at the edge.” 

The Pitch Circle. —Misleading directions are often given con¬ 
cerning the laying out of the face or cutting edge of circular saw 
teeth. It is frequently stated that the front face should be the 
tangent of a circle “ one-fourth the saw’s diameter,” if ripping 
hard wood, or “one-fifth,” if soft, when in reality, three-fourths is 
meant in the first case, and four-fifths in the second. Fig. 320 



Fig. 320 . Showing Tangent Circle 1-4 Saiv Diameter. 


shows teeth laid out to tangents of a circle one-fourth the disk 
diameter. It will be seen that this is not a suitable tooth for 
hard wood. 

The Latest “ Smallest Circular Saw in the World.”— On 

page 62, Fig. 90, was shown in actual size what was then believed 
to be the smallest circular saw in the world; its use being to make 
the slits in gold pens. But a still smaller one has been found, 
22 















234 


SUPPLEMENT. 


used for the same purpose by Mr. John Holland of Cincinnati, 
* 

Fig. 321. Smallest Circular Saw in the World, 

and given in full size in Fig. 321. It is run from 2500 to 4000 
revolutions per minute. 



Making Small Circulars for Screw Nicking. —At the 

works of the Union Screw Works, Cleveland, Ohio (one of the 
best organized factories we have ever inspected), the small circu¬ 
lars for nicking screw heads are made in a machine designed by 
the superintendent, Mr. W. II. Bidwell. The blanks are punched 
out of sheet steel, of size and thickness varying with the screws 
to be nicked. They are then strung on a mandrel, say 50 on each, 
and tightly bolted up. Three mandrels are put in a machine 
which has three shaper heads, each bearing a tool having one edge 
vertical, and the end ground to 60°. These tools, being mounted 
with their straight sides a little off the radial line of the disks, 
travel together, each cutting at one pass one tooth in each of the 
disks on its mandrel. An index wheel on each mandrel automat¬ 
ically causes partial rotation of the disks at each cut, and insures 
desired number of teeth, evenly spaced. 


Speed of Circular Saws for Barrel and Shingle Work.— 

John Greenwood k Co., Kocliester, N. Y., say : “We can add very 
little to the valuable information contained in ‘Grimshaw on Saws,’ 
except, perhaps, in relation to the gauges given for concave saws 
on page 67. For barrel-head work, the gauge, if it is the English 
standard, is three gauges too light. A 7-inch saw should not be 
more than 15 G., 14 is what we generally use for 7 and 8-inch 
saws. For 10 inch, 11 and 12 G. We run these saws over 5000 
revolutions per minute, and 40-inch shingle saws, 60 teeth screwed 
to cast-iron stiffening collars, 1300 revolutions. Your tables of 
speed are rather lower, say 10 per cent., than the rule in our line 
of trade. \Ye find our customers increase on our figures consid- 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


235 


erably sometimes. One we know of is running a 42-inch shingle 
saw in heading 1500 revolutions per minute.” 


Speeds of Circulars. — r I he statement that there is a fixed and 
invariable rule for speeds of saws of given diameter, needs more 
than a little qualification, as disks of the same diameter take dif¬ 
ferent speeds according to gauge, quality, temper, teeth, timber 
to be cut, etc. 

Concave Saws. —“The temper of a concave saw, in our opin¬ 
ion, ought to be as good and as high as in any ordinary circular 
doing the same nature of work. The custom has been to leave 
them much softer to avoid breaking in the hands of the saw- 
maker, but a soft saw will not hold the set when cutting hard 
wood heading. The disk is made to a true circle, and in size 
corresponding with the diameter of the heads they are to circle, 
providing the heads are cut square on their periphery, as cheese- 
box heads are made. If we want to make a 17-inch cheese-box 
head, we use a saw dished to a circle of 17 inches, and for a flour 
barrel head 17 inches in diameter with bevel, we use a saw dished 
to a circle of 24 inches. The same saw may be used for making 
various sizes of heading having bevelled edges by changing the 
angle of the axis of the head in relation to that of the saw. In 
that case the bevel on the heading is also changed or altered to 
suit the saw; in a small head they are sharper and in a large head 
stunted. Concave saws sawing bevelled heading must be filed 
like ripping saws, square across the tooth.” 

Sectional Grooving Saw. —Fig. 322 shows a form of sec¬ 
tional grooving saw in which the action is gradual throughout 
the width of the cut. As seen by the engravings, it consists of 
six sections, all alike, and each having four teeth. These six 
sections, being put on one mandrel, are so arranged that the teeth 
take up nearly the circumference. In cutting with them, one 
section cuts out a kerf one-sixth the diameter of the groove in¬ 
tended to be made, and the next one cuts alongside of the kerf 
that the first one made, etc. By this means the action is much 
smoother than if there were but one section, each end cutting full 


236 


SUPPLEMENT. 


kerf width. This saw is made by Goodell & Waters of Phila¬ 
delphia. 



Fig. 322. Sectional Grooving Saw. 

Adjustable Veneer Saws.— By making the holes in a veneer 
saw segment oblong radially, the segment is rendered more easily 
adjustable. 

An Adjustable Dished Circular, patented by S. B. Wells, in 
1854, had an angular incision cut from the edge to the centre, or, 
in other words, a section was cut from the disk, which was then 
sprung by means of washers and rings to the desired curvature. 
It was designed for cutting barrel staves, wheel felloes, etc., and 
intended to be run somewhat slower than the ordinary circular. 

Kringer’s Insertable Saw Tooth. —In U. S. Patent, No. 
248,761, October 25, 1881, Fig. 323, the saw plate A has a socket 
B (provided with a shouldered portion 77, having a depression 7), 








237 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 

and is also provided with a depression L. The saw tooth or bit 
proper has an oblong, rounded Y-shaped projection J. 


i / 



Fig. 323. Kringer Tooth. 


Hubbard’s Relayed Saw Tooth (U. S. Patent, No. 245,831, 
August 16, 1881) is for a relayed saw tooth consisting of a body 
part, having a bevelled edge which extends above the throat, and 
a hood or removable part bevelled to fit the bevel of the tooth 
and projecting into the throat below the bevel. The removable 
part has also a heel projecting into the recess in the throat. 



Fig. 324. Hubbard Relayed Tooth. 

Mulford’s Insertable Saw Tooth (IT. S. Patent, No. 236,690, 
January 18, 1881) is shown in Fig. 325. 



Douglas’ Insertable Saw Tooth (U. S. Patent, No. 236,876, 
January 25, 1881, Fig. 326) lias a projection on one side longest 




















238 


SUPPLEMENT. 


in the run of the cut of the tooth from the point backward, on 
which there is a flat surface parallel with the face of the saw. 



Hill’s Insertable Saw Tooth (U. S. Patent, No. 239,098, 
March 22, 1881).—The blade A has throats or gullets 0, and its 
teeth are recessed entirely above the gullets. Those portions of 
the detachable tooth B , which are in the same recess, are of the 
same thickness of the blade and have a double curved shape. 



Fig . 327. Hill Tooth. 


Atkins’ Detachable Saw Tooth (U. S. Patent, No. 246,703, 
September 6, 1881) has, in combination with an insertable saw 
tooth having suitable projection, strong locking jaws, forming a 
recess in the saw plate. 



Simonds’ Loose Circular Saw (II. S. Patent, No. 237,617, 
February 8, 1881), shown in Fig. 329, is loose with reference to 
its diameter and also with reference to its radii; but with refer¬ 
ence to its diameter, more loose at the eye than any other part. 









































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


239 


Fig. 32i >. Simonds 9 Loose Circular. 

Osgood’s Side Cutting Circular (U. S. Patent, No. 238,521, 
March 8, 1881) has side cutting teeth a a, and chisel cutting 
teeth f f } the latter being curved as shown in Fig. 330, to under 



Fig. 330. Osgood Side Cutting Circular. 


cut or to plane out the wood between scores made by the teeth a 
u, the scorers being shorter than the cutters. 


Northway’s Planing Saw (U. S. Patent, No. 245,090, August 
2, 1881).—There are sawing teeth B and planing blades C (7, cut 



a 



into the working edge of the saw. The points of the teeth B ex¬ 
tend radially beyond the points of the planing teeth C C. The 
edges of the planing teeth extend laterally alternately in opposite 
directions, further than the whole remaining portions of the blade. 
The planing teeth C have throats c to receive the chips. 

McDonald’s Saw Arbor (U. S. Patent, No. 243,076, January 
21, 1881).—There is an attached collar c, having a flat face and 
round edge a , the saw resting against the flat face. 























































240 


SUPPLEMENT. 



Figs. 332 and 333. McDonald Arbor. 


Bennett’s Hand Circular Saw (U. S. Patent, No. 239,703, 
April 6, 1881) has a circular saw projecting below the edge of the 
plate on which it is mounted, and receiving its motion from one 
or more friction wheels, which move along the surface of the 
board to be cut. 



Fig. 334. Dennett Hand Circular. 


Suggestions for Making Saw Mandrels, with special refer¬ 
ence to Facing the Saw Collars. —“First. Special care should be 
taken to have good drilled centres in the shaft, and when the shaft 
is turned to see that the mandrel is tight in the lathe centres. 
Second. Do not chamber out the face of the saw flanges or collars, 
but finish them so as to give a full bearing on the saw. Third. 
The face of the loose collar should be perfectly flat; be sure that 
it is not concaved or full at the centre. Fourth. The face of the 
fast collar, which is shrunk on or made part of the mandrel, should 
be faced or made a trifle concaved, so that by laying a perfect 
straight-edge across it and looking through towards a strong light, 
daylight will be barely discernible. The last cut should be made 
with a very fine-edged sharp tool. All cast collars should be of 
very soft iron and carefully annealed so that they will not con¬ 
tain hard spots. Fifth. The greatest care should be used in fit¬ 
ting the lug or steady pins. They should be made of steel, very 
carefully turned and fitted, so as not to require force in driving. 
After they are in, the face of the collar should be very carefully 




























GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


241 


examined with, a straight-edge to ascertain if driving them has 
not raised and swelled the metal of the collar around them, and 
if so, it must be very carefully chipped or filed off* level with the 
face of the collar. The above applies to circular saws for saw¬ 
mills only. For resawing or for bench saws both collars should 
be turned concaving.”— James E. Emerson. 

Packing Circular Saws. —A custom followed universally in 
Europe, but not at all in America, is “packing” circular saws 
with pieces of hard wood, such as mahogany, under the saw table 
on either side, and lying immediately parallel and close to the 
disk, which it serves to guide and prevent from wavering. In 
many cases the packing contains a gasket of felt or similar mate¬ 
rial, well charged with oil, and serving to lessen not only the fric¬ 
tion of the disk against the packing, but that in the cut itself. Mr. 
Samuel Worssam, in 1853, designed and made a packing by loose 
blocks on each side of the saw, each fitted with adjustable packing 
pieces. Abbey, of Paris, “packs” with four adjustable screws 
above the saw table, their points terminating in hard wood and 
touching the disk at opposite points. Good packing enables the 
running of a thinner saw. 

Packing Collars with Paper.— Saw makers recommend this, 
but it is at best a makeshift for a short time. A saw ought not 
to be forced into position. When it does not run true it should 
be hammered. 

Range. —The saw should be given little, if any, range into the 
cut. In theory, it should be exactly parallel; but to offset the 
tendency to throw off' on the side cut of a log, it may be ranged 
in such a line that the saw would strike the head-blocks fifty or 
sixty feet off, assuming that they are half an inch from the saw. 
This range in summer time may be reduced to one-half; that is, 
to one-fourth inch in fifty feet. 

The Hinkley Saw Guide.*— Fig. 335 shows a convenient 
guide for circulars. The arms are fitted in a bored cylinder, and 


23 


* Reliance Saw Works, Milwaukee, AY is. 





242 


SUPPLEMENT. 


may be turned back out of the way when changing saws, and 
dropped into position again precisely as before, without touching 
or altering the adjustment. The lateral adjustment is effected by 



Fig . 335 . Ilinkley’s Guide . 


a worm and wheel which moves both arms together backward 
and forward in the bored cylinder without altering the distance 
between the saw pins. The worm is attached to a rod and hand 
wheel convenient to the sawyers, either before or behind the 
disk, to permit adjustment while in motion without danger. The 
space between the saw pins is regulated by a bolt on the front 
end of the guide. This device answers for either right or left- 
hand mills. 

The Use of Water on Circular Saws. —Water, properly 
applied, is to be recommended, being a good lubricant, and cool¬ 
ing in its effects. It may be used in such small quantities as not 
to be detected. It should not show on the saw nor be perceptible 
in the dust. It is employed in some mills in such a manner as to 
have it fly all over the place. Used in this latter way, it is very 
objectionable. 

The McDonough Hollow Arbor (Fig. 330), an important 
patent, concerning which there has been much litigation, is based 
upon the idea of taking water through the mandrel of a circular 
and having it escape at the collar on both sides of the saw while 







GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


243 


in motion, the centrifugal force distributing it equally all over the 
disk, thus lubricating the saw and keeping it and the journal cool. 

A jet of water is also discharged beneath the guides to cool that 
circle of the disk. 



Fig, 336 • McDonough 9 s Hollow Arbor, 


We understand that the patent has been decided in favor of 
Mr. F. McDonough, of Eau Claire, and we quote almost verbatim 
from the circular of the manufacturers, the Reliance Works, Mil¬ 
waukee, Wis. 

“Referring to the cut: A is the hollow arbor and pulley; B B are 
the arbor boxes; C the saw and collars; D the face of collar, show¬ 
ing the small creases through which the water is ejected to lubri¬ 
cate the saw; E is the pipe and stuffing-box for the admission of 
water into the arbor; A the tight collar or shoulder on the arbor; 
G is the weighted saw relief and collar, which can be attached 
conveniently to the husk. 

“ One patent covers a hollow arbor with water passing in at the 
tail end, and coming out between the saw collars, vent being given 
at this point by forming small creases in the face of both collars, 
so that water is ejected on both sides of the saw, and also by 
means of small outlets acting as lubricators for the boxes. The 
great value claimed for this over the solid arbor is— 

“First. That fifteen per cent, more lumber can be cut, for full 
feed can be carried on all kinds of logs, no time being lost in wait¬ 
ing for the saw to cool off. 

“Second. The same amount of lumber can be cut with ten per 





























































244 


SUPPLEMENT. 


cent, less power, because a much thinner saw can be run, and with 
much less friction, as the plate is lubricated with water where it 
rubs on the log. 

“Third. It will save ten per cent, in saw scarf, on account of 
using a thinner saw. The saw can be heavier at the eye, where 
strength and stiffness are required, and, if necessary, it can be of 
the same thickness as the scarf. 

“ Fourth. A great saving in repairs and expense of running, for, 
if the log rubs*on the centre of the saw, it will not affect it, and 
the arbor will run with one-quarter the amount of oil. 

“ With this device there is an equal expansion of arbor and 
plate, avoiding all danger of warping, as the water is run through 
the centre of the arbor, and distributed equally on both sides of 
the centre of the saw, whence, by centrifugal force, it is evenly 
distributed over the entire surface of the plate, which is not the 
case where the water is applied to one side of the saw by means 
of a pipe. 

“ Old arbors may be bored to apply this principle.” 

: ■ i\. * r ** * , 

The McDonough Saw Relief. —The object of this device is 
to allow lateral motion to the arbor. There is often a tendency 
for a log to crowd and bind the saw, which, if held perfectly rigid, 
would heat and probably break. In such case the relief, by allow- 

r 

ing end play to the arbor, relieves the centre of the saw from 
pressure, and the blade, adjusting itself in line with the cut, passes 
through the log without trouble or damage, and the guide, by 
holding the cutting edge of the saw firmly in place, insures lum¬ 
ber of even thickness. When there is no crowding of the log, the 
saw and arbor run perfectly free, as there is no pressure what¬ 
ever given by the relief, but the moment binding and crowding 
occur, then it acts instantly and surely. 

Opening Wheel. —To lessen the friction of a ripping circular 
saw in the kerf and to increase the rate of feed, wedges were once 
driven into the cut, close behind the disk, to separate the several 
surfaces, but at times this caused splitting of the cant, and to ob¬ 
viate this, G. L. Moleswortli devised in 1856 a self-acting revolv¬ 
ing wedge, so placed as to separate the two parts and be revolved 
by its own friction against the sides of the kerf. This wheel, 



Fig . 337. Double Circular Mill,—Direct Driven 


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































246 


SUPPLEMENT. 


which now has very general application, exerts a uniform press¬ 
ure in relieving the saw, and adapts itself to irregular as well as 
straight sawing. 

Direct Driven Circulars. —Fig. 337 shows the double circu¬ 
lar saw-mill of Frey, Schechler & Hoover, Bucyrus, Ohio, driven 
direct from a high-speed engine of special design. 

“Three High” Circular Saw. —We illustrate herewith, by 
courtesy of Tatum, Bowen & Co., San Francisco, in front and side 



elevation, the machine used in California to cut logs ten feet in 
diameter, and referred to-on page 56. 

The invention consists in so arranging a gang of saws on the 
frame, and providing a small horizontal saw to follow or precede 
the gang, that the small saw will rabbet out a place to allow the 
end of the arbor or collar of the centre saw to pass. There are 
three vertical circular saws, arranged on the frame in the usual 
















































































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


247 


way for double circular saws, except that the upper one is ex¬ 
tended beyond the vertical plane of the lower saws. There is also 
a vertical spindle, the lower end of which is provided with a small 



Fig. 339. “ Three High 91 Circular Sa w. 


horizontal saw which precedes or follows the gang on the plane 
with the cutting edge of the top saw, on the collar or arbor of the 
middle or vertical saw. This, when in operation, rabbets out a 
longitudinal piece along the edge or joint. The upper saw thus 
cuts a board down from the upper part, while the two lower saws 
of the gang cut their width. The relative position of the gang is 
such that the upper face of the log is just as much in advance of 
the lower log face as the upper saw is in advance of the lower 
saw, and the distance between the vertical planes of the upper 
and lower saws is equal to the thickness of the lower saw divided 
by two and added to the thickness of the board or cut, the pro¬ 
jection of the arbor or collar of the middle saw, and the clearance. 
The clearance may be operated without affecting the operation 
and perfect working of the gang. When the greatest depth is 





























































































































































248 


SUPPLEMENT. 


obtained, the lower cut or board will be the greater, and the 
upper one the lesser in width. In operating with such a saw¬ 
mill, at first the lower saws of the gang slab one side of the log, 
and the upper saw is not engaged; but as the set advances the 
upper saw cuts but little depth, and the horizontal saw following 
or preceding cuts lengthwise, and a small angular piece of the 
log is taken oft* with wane top. 

Pitch of Circular Saw Teeth. —“The under side should 
stand at an angle of 45° to the plane of the cut, as this is the 
dividing line between a scraping and a direct downward cut. Of 
course this changes as to height of cut in circular saws.” 

Broken Teeth. —When a tooth is broken out of a circular 
saw, it often chops or breaks the timber badly. In fact, when the 
logs are frozen hard, it is almost impossible to run. To send the 
saw off to be cut down would seriously lessen its value by decreas¬ 
ing its size. The trouble may be remedied in another manner. 
As the tooth next behind the one broken has double work to do, 
it will spread off to one side more than to another, if bent for set, 
thus causing the extra mark on the timber. Shorten this tooth, 
whether spring or spread for set, so as to divide the cut. If bent 
for set, file the tooth next behind the one broken square across 
the blade, swage it out to full set, both sides alike. The saw will 
then cut as nicelv as before, and will make but little mark on the 
lumber. If the saw be swaged for set, file the tooth on the top so 
as to divide the cut, and reduce the set a little in this tooth, using 
great care not to file it too much. 

Sheared. Teeth. —A tooth “sheared” or filed to a bevel of say 
5° to 20° will do the work with less power (provided the tooth is 
strong enough otherwise to resist the tendency to spread in the 
cut). If a person were to take a jack-knife to cut a stick of any 
size, he would turn his knife to about that angle with the grain. 
A “sheared” tooth is in better shape to enter the wood than if 
swaged square. In Vermont, they swage the point about one-half 
the set and bend the rest, and shear 5° to 10°. 

Bounding. —By holding an old file firmly to the edge of the 
saw when at full speed, marking the teeth on the points, then filing 
off the backs until the marking disappears, looking closely so as 


grimshaw on saws. 


249 


not to file a particle more than to the line, the saw may be rounded 
perfectly. The saw should be rounded on the arbor on which it 
runs when at work, although this is very seldom done. One 
sawyer says that he has seen a saw, which seemed perfectly round 
on the filing mandrel, show ^ inch out when changed to working 

arbor. This is enough out to make the saw run badly in some 
timber. 

Jointer for Circular Saws. —Fig. 340 shows' an emery grind- 
ing machine for circular saws,* which, after gulleting the teeth, 
facing and backing them, with the emery wheel shown in the 



Fig • 34:0, Jointer and Emery Gumrner . 


% 

swinging rest to the left of the cut, will “joint” them on an ordi¬ 
nary flat file held in the vise at the right: thus insuring that all 
the teeth are of the same length; or, rather, that the tips are all 
in the same circle, concentric with the mandrel. 


24 


* E, Andrews, Williamsport, Pa. 























































































































































































































































































































250 


SUPPLEMENT. 


M Toothed Circular.— Boynton makes an M tooth circular 
saw which we suppose he designs to be reversible, being finished 
on both sides and turned on the mandrel when one set of teeth 
grows dull. This may or may not be an advantage for small 
disks. It is intended for both ripping and crossing. 

The Spiral Saw. —A special class of saw, of which we know 
but one variety, is Armstrong’s spiral saw used for making dove¬ 
tails. In action it comes in between the band and the circular 
segment saws. The segments are clamped in a spiral groove in a 
holder having eccentric rotation. Those making the first cut 
have a straight edge; those at the last of the cut have their cut¬ 
ting edge at right angle to the plate; the intermediate ones grad¬ 
ing between these extremes. As the cutting flange of each seg¬ 
ment is worn away by filing, it is moved on one space towards 
the unhanged end. 

The Rim Saw is a connecting link between the circular and 
the band saw; being simply a flat ring—not a belt—toothed upon 



its outer edge. It is fed by friction rollers. Fig. 341 shows one 
(U. S. Patent, 252,268) driven by suitable mechanism. 

Amesbury’s Spiral Band Saw File.* —This machine is fast¬ 
ened to an ordinary bench. The saw is hung over it (if the work 
is not done while the saw is in place). The file is in two sections— 
one stationary, the other movable in the direction of the axis. The 
stationary section carries the feeder and a thin segmental file, which 

* (4 W. Amesbury & Co., Philadelphia. 



















GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


251 


latter files only the throats and faces. The movable section car¬ 
ries a thick bevelled file variable for varying grades of teeth. It 
rotates on a higher plane and files the tooth-backs, also taking the 
burr from the points. The thumb-screw D varies the height of 
this section to suit the grade of teeth and to change the pressure. 
The thin face and throat file is cut only on its face and corner. The 
filing head runs in an oblong bearing so that it can move to allow 
for high teeth. There is an adjustable pressure spring E ) which 
holds it to the work; and there is another spring under the head, 
keeping it to the tooth face—thus giving the high teeth the most 
pressure and bringing them down to the general level. The saw 
is held in a clamping jaw with the back resting against the gauge 
F : which is adjustable to any saw width by the screw ( 7 , and can 
be set at any angle. The clamping jaw is operated by a cam on 
the hub of the gear, and opens and closes as the machine is feed¬ 
ing or filing. This jaw acts like a vise upon the saw when the 
files are in contact with the teeth, and releases it when in contact 
with the feeder. 



The machine has a capacity for saws T V to 2 inches wide, and 
from the finest tooth to two teeth to the inch. It is driven by 
hand or power, as desired, and is claimed to file saws of 500 to 
1800 teeth in 30 to 90 minutes. 

















































252 


SUPPLEMENT. 


BAND SAWS. 

Early Band Sawing Machines. —A band sawing machine 
was patented in France in 1815 by Toronde, and another in Eng¬ 
land in 1845 by Thouard. Bat it was not until 1855 that the 
machine was rendered practical and efficient; this by Perm of 
Paris. Pariente followed at once with an English patent, and in 
1856 Exall and Barbour took out one. In 1866 Wilson patented 
a combined band and jig, the object of which was to cut the out¬ 
side curves with the constantly running band, using the jig for 
the inside cutting. 

The Original Newberry Band Saw of 1808 (see p. 83) had 

in some cases no teeth, being a blade for splitting skins. 

A Reciprocating Band Saw was patented in England in 
1879 by Adam Knox of Glasgow. The blades are horizontal, 
and reciprocated either on the rim of segmental levers or on pul¬ 
leys. The machinery proposed is very complicated. 

A Multiple Band Saw was patented in England in 1876 by- 
Johnstone. 

Circular VS. Band. —One point in which the circular has the 
advantage over the band is that the former has much the faster 
feed and will turn out a greater quantity of work. No doubt the 
circular will be very largely used until lumber becomes so valu¬ 
able that sawyers find it economical to save lumber which they 
are now wasting in sawdust. This is now occurring in valuable' 
lumber, such as black walnut, mahogany, and various classes of 
imported woods, and where these are being sawed into thin mate¬ 
rial, the band log saw is especially called for. Fay & Co. in their 
large band saw use a No. 18 gauge blade, which takes out about 
kerf. 

Band VS.-Mulay, —We quote below the opinion of a promi¬ 
nent New York manufacturer of wood-working machinery, con¬ 
cerning the Band Saw vs. the Malay and Circular : “ The circular 
does say one-third more work than the band, but with greater 






GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


253 


waste; its kerf for large saws (cutting 24" to 30" wide) being 
as much as or even more than T 3 g"; while the band saw on the 
same saw would not take more than about The band 

resawing machine will therefore effect a large saving in costly 
timber and in making thin stuff where the kerf is a large per¬ 
centage of the whole. Properly handled, a band resawing ma¬ 
chine will cut as thin as 24" wide, making a kerf T y r full. 
Segmental circular saws riveted to and backed by large plates can 
be made to do equally well, but they are then unfit for anything 
but taking off a thin piece which can be sprung out by the plate 
without binding or heating the saw. 

“The mulay will not do more than about one-third as much 
work as the band saw, and will make a kerf of from about -J*-" to 
say 

“The band saw labors under the disadvantage that there are at 
present but few men in the country who thoroughly understand 
setting up and using it. Bat even when properly handled it can¬ 
not successfully compete with the circular saw for log sawing, 
although superior to the mulay, which it excels both in speed and 
economy, this for the reason that in such work speed more than 
economy of timber is sought.” 

One Disadvantage of Circular and Band Saws is that 
although the cutting is continuous the feed is intermittent, and 
in board work the log must have several passes if wide. In this 
the gang sash has the advantage of all others—the cant passing 
through but once. 

Band Saws for Bevelled Work. —Cabinet-makers and chair- 
makers are among those who require large quantities of level 
sawing and need band saws, having once availed themselves of 
the dished circular. 

Thin Band Saw Blades stand better than thick ones, owing 
to their superior pliability. 

“Band Saws for Metal Cutting should be rigidly held, and 
have a lineal velocity of 250 feet per minute. The teeth should 
be finely spaced and of 00° crosscut shape.” 


254 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Band Log Sawing. —From a personal letter to the author 
from Mr. J. K. Hoffman, dated December 26, 1879, we make the 
following excerpts: “ The main obstacle that I met with in start¬ 
ing the band saw for log sawing was in obtaining the saw blade. 
I tried for fifteen years to persuade some manufacturers to make 
a saw, and after the first introduction of the small band saw in 
this country, I returned to the charge and exhausted the patience 
of a great many saw manufacturers by my importunities, and 
should have continued to harass them until the present time had 
not a firm in France .taken the order and furnished us with saws. 
During the French and German war we succeeded in getting a 
few saws made in this country in short pieces, and since that some 
manufacturers have succeeded very well in their manufacture. 
Still we prefer imported stock. 

“ There is no romance about this thing ; it is intensely practical. 
Ho starving wife or ill-fed children with quivering lip and trans¬ 
parent skin sat at the low hearth-stone while it was being worked 
. out. They knew nothing of it. I wanted it. Like the boy with 
the gopher, ‘I had to have it. 5 I could not afford to waste so 
much lumber. I set to work and made it. I wanted to use it 
and have used it to some purpose; if others cannot see the advan¬ 
tages, more the pity—for them.” 

Bevel of Band Saw Joints. —In joining band saw blades, 
one rule for the amount of bevel is to give a bevel on each side 
of the joint as long as the distance between two teeth. 

Brazing Band Saw Blades. —“Muriatic acid.,” also called 
“hydrochloric” and “chlorohydric” acid, is used as a flux. The 
joint should be finished by filing lengthwise of the blade. 

Files for Band Saws should have their edges rounded, as 
shown in Fig. 345, to give rounded gullets and avoid cracks. 

Bounding Band Saw Gullets. —A rat-tail file may be used 
to round band-saw gullets, where rounded three-cornered files 
are not obtainable. 

A Serrated Steel Disk for Band Saw Sharpening was 

shown at the Paris Exposition of 1878, by Martinier, the inventor. 
The machine in which it ran gave an automatic feed to the blade. 


GRIMSHAW ON SAWS 


255 


An Inclined Blade Band Saw for bevel sawing is shown in 
Fig. 343. 



Fig. 3±3. Pryibil’s Inclined Blade Band Saw. 

• 

A Band-Saw Guide, shown at Paris in 1878 by Quetel Tre 
mois, consisted of three hollow brass blocks filled with oil and 
perforated on one side, which were pressed against the blade in 
such a manner as to both steady-and lubricate it. 



















































































































































256 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Pryibil’s Band Saw Guide, shown in Fig. 344, consists of 
two steel blocks adjustable by means of a screw to any thickness of 



Fig . 344:. Pryibil’s Band Saw Guide. 

blade, and in depth from y 1 ^- to 1^ inches. The back of the blade 
runs against two hardened steel slips which are adjustable length¬ 
wise to change the line of contact when grooving commences. It 
is adjustable on the guide-post at any height, to suit any height 
of stuff'; of course being kept as near as possible to the top of the 
stuff* sawed. 

The Band Saw Filing Apparatus, shown in Fig. 346,* con¬ 
sists of a frame bearing two wheels over which the band is placed 
—their distance apart being adjustable. Between them is a filing 
vise or clamp 20" long, worked by three eccentrics and a handle. 
The vise may be used for jig as well as for band saw blades. 

Pryibil’s Band Saw Setter (Fig. 347).—“ The hand wheel 
spindle carries a crank operating through a connecting rod upon 
two vertical slides, one on each side of the saw. These slides are 
provided with adjustable cam faces (front adjusting screw shown 
at a) acting through friction rolls upon the setting levers. This ad¬ 
justment after being once set never needs to be altered except to 
take up wear. Adjustments for different gauges of saws are made 
by means of the screw b. The saw is guided between the faces c 
and d ; the teeth bearing against the faces c of the hinged frame 


* Made by P. Pryibil, 461 W. 40tli St., New York. 
























grimshaw on saws. 


257 


c' vertically adjustable through the thumb-screw e, the back bear¬ 
ing on the faces d attached to the rods/, and forced upward by the 


Fig. 345. 



Hand Saw File, 


Fig. 346. 


FrgibWs Hand Saw Filing Frame. 



springs g ) tlie tension of which is regulated by a thumb-screw 
(not shown) acting on the yoke h. Through the hinged frame d 
' the height of the saw relatively to the setting tools is governed 
25 


♦ 


























































258 


SUPPLEMENT. 


and. thereby the set regulated, variations in width of saw affect¬ 
ing only the faces (f, and therefore not the set. The band is fed 
two teeth per stroke by the pawl i connected by a spring to the 
lever k , taking its motion from the connecting-rod above men- 



Fit/, 347 . Fryibil’s Baud Saw Setter, 

tioned through the link b. The stroke of the pawl is regulated 
by moving the fulcrum m of the lever k in the slot. By means 
of the adjusting screw n the teeth of the saw are, after other ad¬ 
justments have been made, brought opposite the setting tools.” 

Atlantic Works’ Band Saw Setting Machine and Filing 
Frame (Fig. 348).—The filing frame is of iron pipe with suitable 
cast connections and cross pieces. Attached to it is a sliding car¬ 
riage bearing an oscillating set hammer. The feed is automatic, 
and adjustable to any tooth pitch. Two teeth should be fed for¬ 
ward at each stroke of the set hammer. The saw is strained and 
passes between two steel blocks or anvils. The teeth are brought 
to the proper height on the anvils by putting under the saw a 
strip of metal thicker than the blade. The stroke of each hammer 
is regulated by a set screw. 

Setting Band Saw Teeth. —“ Band saw teeth should be set 
by sudden blows given from the inside of the curve, so that the 
blade has no tendency to destroy the tire covering nor to run un¬ 
steadily.” 

V 

































































































































































260 


SUPPLEMENT 


Howe’s Band Filing and Setting Machine.” —This ma¬ 
chine runs by power and is automatic. It uses an ordinary lile. 
The pulley wheel below gives a rising and falling motion to the 
rim frame bearing the file, while the saw is passed along one tooth 
at a time by suitable feed gear, difficult to describe without a let¬ 
tered cut, but which may be studied out in Fig. 349. 



W.MACKIMI‘ Z ‘ 

Fig. 349. Hoive’s Band Saiv Filing and Setting Machine. 


The inventor states that the machine is 17J inches high, and 
14 inches wide, weighing 50 lbs. “It is run at 75 rotations per 
minute; files and sets saws to 12 J" wide, any number of teeth 
and any length of blade. As regards the power required, no defi¬ 
nite tests have been made; but a 1" belt on a 10" pulley (only so 


* M. Stewart & Bros., 1218 Mallinckrodt St., St. Louis, Mo 











































































































































































































































































































GRIMSIIAW ON SAWS. 


261 


tight that it can be put on with ease without being in motion) 
will run it; or it can be worked with a crank of 8" sweep by a 
ten-year old boy with very little effort. A larger machine is 
building at the date of writing (April 16, 1882), to file and set 
saws up to 6" wide.” 

The Band Saw Setting Machine shown in Figs. 350 and 351 

in top and side view, has proper pulleys and tension device to sus- 



Figs. 350 and 351. Band Saiv Setting Machine. 


tain the saw and keep it at a proper tension while being filed and 
set. For filing there is a suitable vise. The setting is accom¬ 
plished by two hammers driven by a cam on a shaft revolving on 
a hand wheel. 








































































































262 


SUPPLEMENT. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Scandinavian Floors. —The chamber floors found in the 
northern parts of Sweden and Norway are laid with boards cut 
from the tree without being sawn parallel, and consequently re¬ 
taining all the taper of the tree. The edges of the boards are 
tongued and grooved, and the joiners who cut the tongues and 
grooves, work in pairs, one pulling and the other propelling the 
tool that does the work. In consequence of the boards tapering, 
they are laid with a broad and narrow end meeting alternately, 
and thus a dovetail is effected along the whole length of the 
boards, and a very curious appearance is the result.— Timber 
Trades Journal. 

The First Saw-Mills in England. —The old practice in mak¬ 
ing boards was to split up the log with wedges, and, inconvenient 
as the practice was, it was no easy matter to persuade the world 
that the thing could be done in any better way. Saw-mills were 
first used in Europe in the fifteenth century, but so late as 1555, 
an English ambassador, having seen a saw-mill in France, thought 
it a novelty which deserved particular description. It is amusing 
to note how the aversion to labor-saving machinery has always 
agitated England. The first saw-mill was established by a Dutch¬ 
man, in 1663; but the public outcry against the new-fangled ma¬ 
chine was so violent, that the proprietor was forced to decamp 
with greater expedition than ever did Dutchman before. The 
evil was thus kept out of England for several years, or rather 
generations, but in 1768, an unlucky timber merchant, hoping 
that after so long a time the public would be less watchful of its 
own interests, made a rash attempt to construct another mill. The 
guardians of the public welfare, however, were on the alert, and a 
conscientious mob at once collected, and pulled the mill to pieces. 
—The Iron Aye. 

Correcting Unequal Tension in Circular Saws. —U. S. 

Patent, No. 237,915, to Geo. F. Simonds (February 15, 1881), is 
for a method of correcting unequal tension in circulars by clamp¬ 
ing them between heated disks held in formers of ordinary tem¬ 
perature; the formers also clamping the saw around the outside 
of the disk. In the cut, A A are formers and B B heated disks. 



GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


263 


Fig . 352. 

Adjusting the Tension of Circular Saws: Simonds’ 

Method, —U. S. Patent, No. 239,863 (April 5, 1881) is for pass- 




Fig. 353. Adjusting Tension. 


ing a graduated gauge between tlie straight edge and the bent 
saw. 

Quick Saw Making. —November 11, 1875, Emerson, Ford & 
Co. (now Emerson, Smith & Co.), of Beaver Falls, Pa., made a 
40-tooth solid saw 60 inches in diameter, gauges 5 and 6 inches 
in 7 hours 45 minutes of work. The anvil work, flattening, 
smithing, hammering, and blocking took 4 hours 55 minutes, 
there being given 12,764 hammer strokes. The smithing took 
8523 of these blows. The drilling, toothing, grinding, hardening, 
tempering, and cooling took 2 hours 50 minutes. 

Mending a Broken Arbor. —“ I will tell you how I mended 
a broken saw arbor with only blacksmith’s tools. It is a circular 
wood-saw. The screw on the saw end, 1" diameter, broke off’ at 
the shoulder, which latter, being but 1\" diameter, I considered 
would weaken it too much to drill and tap in a screw large enough 
to be safe; besides, trouble, time, and expense of sending to shop. 
So I squared ends, and centred nicely, and drilled J" hole in each 
piece 1", and joined them with a dowel. I roughened the dowel 
a little with a screw-die to make brass flow well, and wound the 
neck with fine iron wire to hold melted brass and make sure of a 












264 


SUPPLEMENT. 


strong job. Drilled vent-holes near ends of dowel, then put it in 
the fire and brazed the joint, and it proves an entire suceess. It 
has since been accidentally subjected to a most violent test, so 
that I believe it now just as strong as before broken.”—C. Gr. 
Osgood, Foristell, St. Charles County, Mo. 


An Old Saw Anvil. —Fig. 354 shows a relic exhibited at the 
Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, by Mr. E. Andrews, 
saw maker, of Williamsport, Pa. It is interesting to note the 
continuance of a handicraft for so long in one family. 



FUj. 354. 


Sawed Veneers. —Sawed veneers preserve the natural color 
and grain of the wood better than sliced. 

Materials having a Granular Nature must be divided by 
sawing, while those which are fibrous can be divided by direct 
cutting. Wood partaking of both granular and fibrous nature, is 
divided by sawing or cutting, as the grain may determine. 

In Sawing Stone the edge of the blade is rounding and used 
with a rocking motion, so as to make it “take in” deeply first in 
one place then in another, rather than uniformly all along the cut. 

Shingle Saws should be tapering to 14 gauge. 




















GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


265 


A Decimal Gauge for Sheet Metal and Wire. —Gauges, or 
notched plates for measuring thicknesses of metal sheets and wire, 
were at first of local origin and innumerable variety. One of the 
Birmingham gauges (the Stubs) has been most carefully perpetu¬ 
ated. In America one was introduced by Brown k Sharpe, to 
correct some discrepant proportions in this last, by establishing a 
regular proportion of the 39 successive steps between 0000 and 
36. Starting at 0.46 inch for 0000, each gauge is 10.9478 per 
cent, less than the preceding one; giving 0.005 inch for No. 36, 
which is 35 of the Birmingham. 

The great use of the gauge to-day is for purposes of estimate—- 
calculating the value of given superficies or lengths in weight 
of material, or vice versa; and any notation or division of parts 
facilitating this would be an advantage. The proposed Decimal 
Gauge, which we owe to the eminent engineer, Mr. Robert Briggs, 
is based on the successive reduction of an assumed unit of dimen¬ 
sion, by y 1 ^; or, what is the same thing, successive increase by 
The centimetre = 0.3937079 inch, is zero. 

Table I. gives a comparison of the Decimal, the Birmingham, 
and the American gauges. The diagram shows the irregularities 
of the Birmingham and its comparison with the other two. 

The solid volume of a sheet one metre square and one milli¬ 
metre thick, is a cubic decimetre, or a litre, or a kilogram of water. 
The weight of a plate of any gauge is simply found from the spe¬ 
cific gravity of the material. Thus as the specific gravity of iron 
is 7.7, a square metre of iron, one mm. thick, weighs 7.7 kilo¬ 
grams; and if a centimetre thick, 77.7 kilograms, etc. 

This gauge will give a scale of proportionate dimensions for all 
practical sizes and thicknesses of that metal, and diameter of wire. 
The scale is capable of indefinite extension at either end. It gives 
a numerical proportion easily remembered and readily used in 
computation. In sheet metal, especially where it is a constant 
requirement to estimate for weights, it would be a great advan¬ 
tage after having laboriously calculated the weight of a vessel, 
tank, boiler, or caldron, for some assumed thickness, to be able 
to increase or lessen the weight without figuring anew. To weigh 
10 per cent, less, then a gauge off the thickness does it. 

26 


266 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Table I. 

Comparison of Decimal, Birmingham, & American Wire Gauges. 

Dimensions in English Inches with Corresponding Dimensions for 

Decimal Gauge in Centimetres. 


r 

No. of Gauge. 1 

Decimal 

Centimetres. 

Gauge. 

Inches. 

Birmingham 
Gauge. Inches. 

Amer. Gauge. 
Inches. 

0000 = — 3 ' 

1-3717 

0-5401 

0-454 

0-46 

010 = — 2 

1-2346 

0-4861 

0-425 

0-4096 

00 = — 1 

1-1111 

0-4375 

0-38 

0-3649 

0= 0 

1- 

0-3937 

0-34 

0-3249 

1 

0-9 

0-3543 

0-3 

0-2893 

2 

0-81 

0-3189 

0-284 

0-2576 

3 

0-729 

0-2870 

0-259 

0-2942 

4 

0-65G1 

0-2583 

0 238 

0-2043 

5 

0-5905 

0-2324 

0-22 

0-1819 

G 

0-5314 

0-2092 

0-203 

0-1620 

7 

0-4883 

0-1883 

0-18 

0-1443 

8 

0.4305 

0-1695 

0-165 

0-1285 

9 

0-3874 

0-1525 

0-148 

0-1144 

10 

0-3487 

0-1373 

0-134 

0-1019 

11 

0-3138 

0-1236 

0-12 

0-09074 

12 

0-2824 

0-1112 

0-109 

0-08081 

13 

0-2542 

0-10008 

0-095 

0-07196 

14 

0-2288 

0-09007 

0-083 

0-06408 

15 

0-2059 

0-08106 

0-072 

0-05707 

1G 

0-1853 

0-07296 

0-065 

0-05082 

17 

0-1668 

0-06566 

0-058 

0-04526 

18 

0-1501 

0-05909 

0-049 

0-04030 

19 

0-1351 

0-05318 

0-042 

0-03589 

20 

0-1216 

0-04787 

0-035 

0-03196 

21 

0-1094 

0-04307 

0-032 

0-02846 

22 

0-09848 

0-03877 

0-028 

0-02535 

23 

008863 

0-03489 

0 025 

0-02257 

24 

0-07977 

0-03140 

0-02 

0-02010 

25 

0-07179 

0 02864 

0-018 

0-01790 

26 

0-06461 

0-02544 

0-016 

0-01594 

27 

0-05815 

0-02289 

0-014 

0-01419 

28 

0-05233 

0-02060 

0-013 

0-01264 

29 

0-04710 

0-01854 

0-012 

0-01126 

30 

0-04239 

0-01669 

0-010 

0-01003 

31 

0-03815 

0-01502 

0-009 

0-008928 

32 

0-03434 

0-01351 

0-008 

0-007950 

33 

0-03090 

0-01217 

0-007 

0-007080 

34 

0-02781 

0-01095 

0-005 

0-006304 

35 

0 02503 

0-009856 

0-004 

0-005614 

36 

0-02253 

0-008870 


0-005000 

37 

0-02028 

0-007983 


0-004453 

38 

0-01825 

0-007185 


0-003965 

39 

0-01642 

0-006466 


0-003531 

40 

0-01478 

0-005819 


0003144 

















GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


267 



















































































































268 


SUPPLEMENT 


Table II. 


Weight of One Square Foot of Sheet Metal, or One Foot in Length of Wire, of 
Thicknesses or Diameters given by the Decimal Gauge ; English Units. 


o 

to 

U 

O . 

Li 

One square foot of sheet metal. 

One foot in length of wire. 

3 

eS 

0 

o 

6 

£ 

Thickness 

Diamete 

Iron, 

pounds. 

i 

Steel, 

pounds. 

Copper, 

pounds. 

Brass, 

pounds. 

Iron, 

pounds. 

Steel, 

pounds. 

Copper 

pounds. 

Brass, 

pounds. 

_ o 

0-5401 

21-8277 

22-0460 

24 4650 

23*1148 

0-76359 

0-77926 

0-88290 

0-85052 

_9 

ji-j 

0-4861 

19-6449 

19-8413 

22-0185 

20-8033 

0-61851 

0-63120 

0-71515 

0-68892 

— l 

0*4375 

17-6804 

17-8572 

19-8167 

18-7230 

0-50099 

0-51127 

0-57927 

0-55803 

0 

0-3937 

15-9124 

16-0715 

17-8350 

16-8507 

0-40580 

0-41413 

0-46921 

0-44300 

l 

0-3543 

14-3211 

14-4643 

16-0515 

15-1656 

0-32870 

0-33545 

0-38006 

0-35883 

2 

0-3189 

12-8890 

13-0178 

14-4463 

13-6490 

0-26624 

0-27171 

0-30785 

0-29066 

3 

0-2870 

11-6001 

11-7161 

13-0017 

12-2841 

0-21566 

0-22009 

0-24936 

0-23543 

4 

0 2583 

10-4401 

10-5445 

11-7015 

11-0557 

0-17468 

0-17827 

0-20198 

0-19070 

5 

0-2324 

9*396 L 

9-4901 

10-5313 

9-9501 

0-14150 

0-14440 

0-16360 

0-15446 

6 

0-2092 

8-4565 

8-5411 

9-4782 

8-9551 

0-11461 

0-11696 

0-13252 

0-12512 

7 

0-1883 

7-6108 

7-6869 

8-5304 

8-0596 

0-09283 

0-09474 

0-10734 

0-10134 

8 

0-1695 

6-8498 

6-9182 

7-6774 

7-2536 

0-07520 

0-07674 

0-08695 

0-08209 

9 

0-1525 

6-1648 

6-2264 

6-9096 

6 5283 

0-06091 

0-06216 

0 07043 

0-06649 

10 

0-1373 

5-5483 

5-6037 

6-2187 

5-8755 

0-04934 

0-05035 

0-05705 

0-05386 

11 

0-1236 

4-9935 

5-0434 

5-5967 

5-2879 

0-03996 

0-04078 

0-04621 

0-04363 

12 

0-1112 

4-4941 

4-5400 

5-0371 

4-7591 

0-03237 

0-03303 

0-03743 

0-03534 

13 

0-10008 

4-0447 

4-0851 

4-5334 

4-2832 

0-02622 

0-02676 

0-03032 

0-02t62 

14 

0-09007 

3-6402 

3-6760 

4-0801 

3-8549 

0-02124 

0-02167 

0-02456 

0-02318 

15 

0-08106 

3-2762 

3-3090 

3-6721 

3-4694 

0-01720 

0-01756 

0-01989 

0-01878 

16 

0-07296 

2-9486 

2-9781 

3-3048 

3-1225 

0 01393 

0-01422 

0-01611 

0-01521 

17 

0-06566 

2-6537 

2-6822 

2-9744 

2-8102 

0-01129 

0-01152 

0-01305 

0-01232 

18 

0-05909 

2-3884 

2-4123 

2-6769 

2-5292 

0-009142 

0-009330 

0-01057 

0-0099S0 

19 

0-05318 

2-1495 

2-1710 

2-4092 

2-2763 

0-007405 

0-007557 

0-008562 

0-008084 

20 

0-04787 

1-9346 

1-9539 

2-1683 

2-0487 

0-005998 

0-006121 

0-006935 

0-006548 

21 

0-04307 

1-7411 

1-7585 

1-9515 

1-8438 

0-004858 

0-004958 

0-005618 

0-005304 

22 

0-03877 

1-5670 

1-5827 

1-7563 

1-6594 

0 003935 

0-004016 

0-004550 

0-004296 

23 

0-03489 

1-4103 

1-4244 

1-5S07 

1-4935 

0-003188 

0-003253 

0-003686 

0 003480 

24 

0-03140 

1-2693 

1-2820 

1*4226 

1-3441 

0-002582 

0-002635 

0-002985 

0 002819 

25 

0-02S64 

1-1423 

11537 

1-2804 

1-2097 

0-002091 

0-002134 

0-002418 

0-002283 

26 

0-02544 

1-0281 

1-0384 

1-1523 

1-0887 

0-001694 

0-001729 

0-001959 

0-001849 

27 

0-02289 

0-9253 

0-9346 

1-0371 

0-9799 

0-001372 

0-001400 

0-001587 

0-001498 

28 

0-02060 

0-8328 

0-8411 

0-9334 

0-8819 

0-001111 

0 001134 

0-001285 

0-001213 

29 

0-01854 

0-7495 

0-7570 

0-8401 

0 7937 

0-0009003 

0-0009188 

0-001041 

0-0009828 

30 

0-01669 

0-6745 

0-6812 

0-7560 

0-7143 

0-0007292 

0-0007442 

0-0008432 

0-0007961 

31 

0-01502 

0-6071 

0-6132 

0 6804 

0-6429 

0-0005907 

0-0006028 

0-0006830 

0-0006448 

32 

0-01351 

0-5464 

0 5519 

0-6124 

0-5786 

0-0004785 

0-0004883 

0-0005532 

0-0005223 

33 

0-01217 

0-4917 

0-4966 

0-5512 

0-5207 

0-0003876 

0-0003955 

0-0004481 

0 0004231 

34 

0-01095 

0-4426 

0-4470 

0-4960 

0-4687 

0-0003139 

0-0003204 

0-0003630 

0-0003427 

35 

0-009856 

0-3983 

0-4023 

0 4464 

0-4218 

0-00C2543 

0-0002595 

0-0002940 

0-0002776 

36 

0-008870 

0-3585 

0-3621 

0-4018 

0-3796 

0-0002060 

0-0002102 

0-0002381 

0-0002248 

87 

0-007983 

0-3226 

0-3258 

0-3616 

0 3417 

0-0001668 

0-0001702 

0-0001929 

0-0001821 

38 

0 007185 

0.2904 

0-2933 

0-3255 

0-3075 

0-0001351 

0-0001379 

0-0001562 

0-0001475 

39 

0-006466 

0-2613 

0-2639 

0-2929 

0-2767 

0-0001095 

0-000111.7 

0 0001266 

0-0001195 

40 

0-005819 

0-2352 

0-2376 

0-2636 

0-2491 

0 00008866 

0-00009048 

0-0001025 

0-00009678 

Epeeifie Gravity. 

7-769 

7-847 

8-708 

8-228 

7-6893 

7-847 

8-891 

8-394 

Weight per eu. ft.i 

485 

489-85 

543-6 

513-6 

4S0 

489-85 

555 

524 

Weight per eu. in. 
Weight i It. long, 

0-28067 

1-28348 

0-3116 

0 2972 

0-2807 

0-2836 

0-3212 

0-3033 

1 is. round. 

2-6453 

2-6717 

2-95 . 

2-8012 

2-6180 

2-6717 

3-0283 

2-S580 


1 These figures for weight per cubic foot were adopted from Trautwine. 





































































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS 


269 


Table III. 


Weight of One Square Metre of Sheet Metal, or One Metre in Length of Wire, of 
Thicknesses or Diameters given by the Decimal Gauge ; Metric Units. 


o 

be 

p 

cj 

is 


o 

£ 


5? to 
O . <j) 

«- u 
02 o *-> 
02 *-> © 

§ 0-9 

0-5 fl 
20® 
H J 


— 3 

— 2 
— 1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

17 

t 18 

’19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

>24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

30 

37 

38 

39 

40 


1-3717 

1-2346 

1-1111 

1- 

0-9 

0-81 

0-729 

0-6561 

0-5905 

0-5314 
0-4883 
0 4305 
0-3874 
0-3487 

0-3138 

0-2824 

0-2542 

0-2288 

0-2059 

01853 

0-1668 

0.1560 

0-1351 

0-1216 

0-1094 


0-06461 


0-04710 

0-04239 

0-03815 

0-03434 

0-03090 

0-02781 

0-02503 

0-02253 

0-02028 

0-01825 

0-01642 

0-01478 


Specific Gravity. 


One square metre of sheet metal. 

W 

W 

OQ 

W 

O 

O 

r—* 

uo 

o 

o'-* 

o 

O 

■4J 

go* 

Ph 

O 

K — 
tf) jA 
rt 
u 

W 

E 71 

O 

« 

106-576 

107-613 

119-453 

112-860 

95-9185 

96-8777 

107-508 

101-574 

86-3267 

87-1900 

96-7508 

91-4170 

77-6940 

78-4707 

87-0811 

82-2753 

69-9246 

70-6238 

78-3730 

74-0478 

62-9321 

63-5614 

70-5357 

66 0430 

56-6389 

57-2053 

63-4821 

59-9787 

50-9750 

51-4847 

57-1339 

53-9808 

45-8775 

4G-3463 

51-4205 

48-5827 

41-2898 

41-7027 

46-2784 

43-7244 

37-1618 

37-5334 

41-6506 

39 3520 

33-4447 

34-7891 

37-4855 

35-4168 

30-1002 

30-4012 

33-7370 

31-8751 

27-0901 

273610 

30-3633 

28-6876 

24-3810 

24-6248 

27-3270 

25 8188 

21-9429 

22-1623 

24-5943 

23-2369 

19-7486 

19-9461 

22-1349 

20-9132 

17-7737 

17-9514 

19-9214 

18-8219 

15-9963 

10*1563 

17-9293 

16-9397 

14-3967 

14-5407 

16-1364 

15-2457 

12-9570 

13-0866 

14-5228 

13-7211 

11-6613 

11-1779 

13-0705 

12-3490 

10-4952 

10-6002 

11-7634 

11-1141 

9-4457 

9-5402 

10-5871 

10-0026 

8-5011 

8-5861 

9-5284 

9-0022 

7-6510 

7-7277 

8-5756 

8-1020 

6-8859 

6-7548 

7-7180 

7-2918 

6-1973 

6-2593 

6-9462 

6-5626 

5-5776 

5-6336 

6-2516 

5-9064 

5-0199 

5-0700 

5-6264 

5-3157 

4-5179 

4-5631 

5-0638 

4-7842 

4-0661 

4-1068 

4*5574 

4-3058 

3-6595 

3-6961 

4-1017 

3*8752 

3 2936 

3-3265 

3-6915 

3-4877 

2-9642 

2-9938 

3-3223 

3-1389 

1 2-6678 

2-6945 

2-9901 

2-8251 

2-4010 

2-4250 

2-6911 

2-5425 

2-1009 

2-1825 

2-4220 

2-2883 

1-9448 

1-9642 

2-1798 

2-0595 

1-7504 

1-7679 

1-9018 

1-8535 

1-5753 

1-5911 

1-7656 

1-6682 

1-4178 

1-4320 

1 5891 

1-5013 

1-2760 

1-2888 

1-4302 

1-3512 

1-1484 

1-1599 

1-2S7L 

1-2161 

7-769 

7-847 

8-708 

8-228» 


One metre in length of round wire. 


m 

o 


c- 

o 

u 


1-13637 

0-92046 

074557 

0-60391 

0-48917 

0-39623 

0-32094 

0-25997 

0-21057 

0-17056 

0-13816 

0-11191 

0-090644 

0-073422 

0-059472 

0-048172 

0-039019 

0-031606 

0-025601 

0-020736 
0-016797 
0 013605 
0-011020 
0-008926 

0-007230 
0-005857 
0 004744 
0-003813 
0-003112 

0-002521 
0-002042 
0-001654 
0 001340 
0-001085 

0-0008790 
0 0007120 
0-0005767 
0-0004204 
0-0003784 

0-0003065 
0 0002483 
0 000201 1 
0-0001629 
0 0001319 

7-6893 


w 

o 


<u 

a> 

75 


M 


1-04373 
0-93935 
0 76088 
0-61631 

0-49921 

0-40436 

0-32753 

0-26530 

0-21489 

0-17406 

0-14099 

0-11420 

0-092504 

0-074929 

0-060692 

0-049161 

0-039S20 

0-032254 

0-026126 

0-021162 

0-017141 

0-013885 

0-011246 

0-009110 

0-007374 

0-005977 

0-005379 

0-004841 

0-003176 

0-002573 
0-002084 
0-001688 
0-001367 
0 0011075 

0-0008971 
0-0007266 
0-0005886 
0-0004767 
0 0003862 

0 0003128 
0-0002534 
0 0002052 
0-0001662 
0-0001346 

7-847 


OQ 

v © 

- 

o 

D 


1-31391 
1 06427 
0-86206 
0-69827 

0-56560 

0-45813 

0-37109 

0-30058 

0-24347 

019721 
0-15974 
0-12939 
0-10481 
0-084894 

0-068764 
0-055699 
0 045116 
0-036544 
0-029601 

0-02397 7 
0-019421 
0-015731 
0 012742 
0 010321 

0-008360 

0-006772 

0-005485 

0-004443 

0-003599 

0-002915 
0-002361 
0-001912 
0-001549 
0 001255 


m 
O 
on"" — 

a 


23 


1-24054 

1-00484 

0-81392 

0-65928 

0-53401 
0-43255 
0-35037 
0 28380 
0-22988 

0-18620 
0-15082 
012216 
0 098953 
0-080152 

0-064923 

0-052588 

0-042596 

0-034503 

0-027947 

0 022637 
i 0 018336 
] 0-014852 
i 0 012031 
I 0-009745 

0-007893 
0 000393 
0-005179 
0-004195 
0-003398 

0-002752 
0 002229 
0-001806 
0-001463 
0 001185 


0-0010164 0-0009596 
0-00082331 0-0007773 
0 0006669! 0 0006296 
0 0005402, 0 0005100 
0 0004375 0 0004131 

0-0003544 0 0003346 
0 00028711 C* 0002710 


0-0002325 

0-0001883 

0-0001526 

8-891 


0-0002195 

0-0001778 

0-0001440 

8-3941 


Value of specific gravity of brass sheets or wire dependent on the composition of brass- 


































































270 


SUPPLEMENT 


Stubs ’ Birmingham Wire Gauge expressed Metrically and in Decimal and 

Vulgar Inch Fractions .* 


Gauge. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Millimetres. 

Gauge. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Millimetres. 

1 


.3 

7.62 

14 


.083 

2.1082 

2 


.284 

7.2136 

15 


.072 

1.8288 

3 


.259 

6.5786 

16 


.065 

1.7510 

4 

1 

3 - 

.238 

6.0452 

17 


.058 

1.4732 

ft 

* 

.22 

5.588 

18 


.049 

1.2446 

6 

T 3 5~h 

.203 

5.1562 

19 


.042 

1.0668 

7 

T 3 6 - 

.18 

4.572 

20 


.035 

.8890 

8 


.165 

4.291 

21 


.032 

.8128 

9 

- 3 S 2 - 

.148 

3.7592 

22 


.028 

.7012 

10 

F ~h 

.134 

3.3036 

23 


.025 

.6350 

11 

1 _ 

8 

.12 

3.048 

24 


.022 

.5588 

12 

5 — 

.109 

2.7686 

25 


.02 

.5080 

13 


.095 

2.4130 

26 


.018 

.4572 


Table of Revolutions per Minute for Various Rim Speeds. 


Diameter 

Inches 


Rim Speed, Feet per minute. 


9,000 

10,000 

11,000 

12,000 

13,000 

8 

4297.12 

4774.62 

5252. 

5732.50 

6207. 

10 

3437.70 

3819.70 

4201.60 

4586. 

4965.60 

12 

2864.75 

3183.08 

3501.33 

3821.66 

4138. 

14 

2455.50 

2728.35 

3001.14 

3275.71 

3546.85 

16 

2148.56 

2387.31 

2626. 

2866.25 

3103.50 

18 

1905.94 

2122.05 

2334.22 

2547.77 

2578.66 

20 

1718.85 

1909.85 

2100.80 

2293. 

2482.80 

22 

1562.59 

1736.22 

1909.81 

2084.54 

2257.09 

24 

1432.37 

1591.54 

1750.66 

1910.08 

2069. 

26 

1322.19 

1469.11 

1616. 

1763.84 

1909.84 

28 

1227.75 

1364.17 

1500.57 

1637.85 

1773.09 

30 

1145.90 

1273.23 

1400.53 

1528.66 

1655.20 

32 

1074.28 

1193.65 

1313. 

1433.12 

1551.75 

34 

1011.08 

1123.44 

1235.76 

1348.82 

1460.47 

36 

954.91 

1061.92 

1167.11 

1273.88 

1379.33 

38 

904.65 

1005.18 

1105.68 

1206.84 

1306.73 

40 

859.42 

954.92 

1050.40 

1146.50 

1241.40 

42 

818.5 

909.45 

1000.38 

1091 90 

1182.28 

44 

781.29 

868.11 

954.90 

1042.27 

1128.54 

46 

747.32 

830.36 

913.39 

996.95 

1079.47 

48 

716.19 

795.77 

875.33 

955.41 

1034.50 

50 

697.54 

763.94 

840.32 

917.20 

993.12 

52 

661.09 

734.55 

808.00 

881.92 

954.92 

54 

636.61 

707.35 

778.07 

849.25 

919.55 

56 

613.87 

682.68 

750 28 

818.92 

886.71 

58 

592.70 

658.56 

724.41 

790.68 

856.13 

60 

572.86 

636.61 

700.26 

764.43 

827.60 

62 

554.46 

616.08 

677.67 

739.67 

800.90 

64 

537.14 

596.51 

656.50 

716.56 

775.87 

66 

520.86 

578.74 

636.60 

694.84 

752.36 

68 

505.54 

561.72 

617.88 

674.41 

730.23 

70 

491.10 

545.67 

600.22 

655.14 

709.37 

72 

477.45 

530.51 

583.55 

636.94 

689.66 

74 

464.55 

516.17 

567.78 

619 72 

671.02 


* See p. 144. 


















































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


271 


Table of Lineal Velocity of Belts or of Band Saws (given in feet per minute ), 
on Pulleys of given Diameters, at Various Speeds. 


Diarn. 

Pulley. 

Revolutions per Minute. 


300 

350 

400 

450 

500 

600 

30 in. 

2356 

2749 

3142 

3534 

3927 

4712 

32 “ 

2513 

2932 

3351 

3770 

4189 

5026 

34 “ 

2670 

3115 

3560 

4005 

4451 

5341 

36 “ 

2827 

3298 

3770 

4241 

4712 

5654 

38 “ 

2984 

3482 

3979 

4477 

4974 

5969 

40 “ 

3141 

3665 

4189 

4712 

5236 

6283 

42 “ 

3298 

3848 

4398 

4948 

5498 

6597 

44 “ 

3455 

4031 

4607 

5184 

5760 

6911 

46 “ 

3612 

4215 

4817 

5419 

6021 

7226 

48 “ 

3770 

4398 

5027 

5655 

6283 


50 “ 

3927 

4581 

5236 

5890 

6545 


52 “ 

4084 

4765 

5445 

6126 

6807 


54 “ 

4241 

4948 

5655 

6362 

7069 


56 “ 

4398 

5131 

5864 

6591 

7330 


58 “ 

4555 

5314 

6074 

6833 

7692 


60 “ 

4712 

5497 

6283 

7069 

7854 



Rule .—To find lineal velocity of a band saw or a belt in feet 

3 "1410 

per minute—multiply diameter in inches by ’ -- - = .2618 and 


by the number of revolutions per minute. 

Rule .—To find the number of revolutions per minute of circu¬ 
lar saws, pulleys, or wheels of various diameters corresponding to 
a given rim speed. Multiply the diameter in inches by 3.1416 
and divide the product into twelve times tlie rim speed in feet, or 
divide the diameter in inches into 3.82 times the rim speed. 

Less accurately; divide 11 times the diameter in inches into 42 
times the rim speed in feet. 


Diameter and Thickness of A merican Concave Saws, expressed Metrically 

(corresponding to Table on page 67). 


Diameter, mm. 

Thickness, mm. 

152.39 

1.2446 

177.19 

1.2446 

208.19 


253.99 

1.7510 

304.79 

1.8288 

355.59 


406.39 

2.1082 

457.19 

2.4130 

507.99 






























272 


SUPPLEMENT 


Diameters and Thickness of American Circular Saws, with Size of Mandrel 
Holes, expressed Metrically (corresponding with Table on page 56 ). 


Diameters, cm. 

Gauge. 

Mandrel Hole, mm. 

10.16 

19 

19.04972 

12.70 

19 

U 

15.40 

18 

ii 

17.78 

18 

U 

20.32 

18 

22.22479 

22.86 

17 

U 

25.40 

16 

25.39977 

30.48 

15 

u 

35.56 

14 

47.6045 

40.64 

14 

U 

45.72 

13 

31.74971 

50.80 

13 

33.32 

55.88 

12 

U 

60.96 

11 

24.91 

66.04 

11 

U 

71.12 

10 

38.08 

76.20 

10 

4< 

81.28 

10 

41.26 

86.36 

9 

4 i 

91.44 

9 

u 

96.52 

8 

u 

101.60 

8 

50.79 

106.68 

8 

U 

111.76 

i 

u 

116.84 

6 

u 

121.92 

6 

u 

127 . 

6 

u 

132.08 

5 

u 

137.16 

5 

u 

142.24 

5 

u 

147.31 

5 

u 

152.39 

5 

u 

158.48 

4 

u 

162.55 

4 

u 

168.67 

4 

u 

173.72 

4 

u 

178.79 

3 

u 

183.57 

3 

u 


Richards 1 Speed Table for Circular Saws. ( Expressed Metrically by R. G .) 


Diameter. 

Devolutions per 
Minute. 

Peripheral Velocity. 

Inches. 

Centimetres. 

Metres per minute. 

Feet per minute. 

36 

91.44 

1500 

4300 

14100 

30 

76.20 

1800 

4300 

14100 

25 

63.50 

2100 

4150 

13700 

20 

50.80 

2400 

3800 

12500 

15 

38.10 

2700 

3225 

10600 

10 

25.40 

3000 

2125 

7000 


































GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


273 


Circumference of Wheels , Pulleys , or Circular Saws. {Original.) Diameters 
being given in Inches and Centimetres , awd Circumferences being given in Feet 
and Metres. 


Diameter, inches. 


8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

68 

70 

72 

74 


Circumference in feet. 


I. 9344 
2.6181 
3.1416 
3.6652 
4.1888 
4.6124 
5.2360 
5.7596 
6.2832 
6.8068 
7.3304 
7.8540 
8.3776 
8.9012 
9.4248 
9.484 

10.472 

10.9956 

II. 5192 
12.0428 
12.5664 
13.09 
13.6136 
14.1372 
14.6608 
15.1844 
15.708 
16.2316 
16.7552 
17.2788 
17.8024 
18.3260 
18.8496 
19.3742 


Circum. in metres. 


.6848 

.7975 

.9570 

1.1178 

1.2760 

1.4356 

1.5951 

1.7546 

1.9141 

2.0736 

2.2331 

2.3926 

2.5521 

2.7117 

2.8712 

3.0304 

3.1899 

3.3497 

3.5092 

3.6687 

3.8282 

3.9878 

4.1473 

4.3068 

4.4663 

4.6258 

4.7853 

4.9448 

5.1043 

5.2638 

5.4234 

5.5829 

5.7424 

5.9019 


Diam. centimetres. 


20.32 

25.40 

30.48 
35.60 

40.64 ' 

45.72 

50.80 

55.88 

60.96 
66.04 
71.12 
76.20 
81.28 
86.36 
91.44 
96.51 

101.59 

106.68 

111.76 

116.84 

121.92 

127.00 

132.08 

137.16 

142.24 

147.32 

152.40 

157.48 
162.56 

167.64 

172.72 

177.80 

182.88 

187.96 


The Circumference or Periphery of a Saw .—Multiply its diame¬ 
ter by 3.1416, or more roughly by 3| (that is, multiply by 22 aud 
divide by 7). 

Circumference in Feet .—Multiply the diameter in inches by 
.2618; or multiply the diameter in inches by 11 and divide by 42. 

Rim Speed in miles per minute is found by multiplying the 
diameter in inches by the number of revolutions per minute and 
dividing by 20168. 


27 




















274 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Table of Rotation Speed for Circular Saws to give a rim speed of 9420 feet— 
2871 metres per minute. Diameters expressed Metrically and in Inches. 


Diameter, 

Inches. 

Diameter, 

cm. 

Devolutions 
per minute. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

Diameter, 

cm. 

Devolutions 
per minute. 

8 

20.32 

4500 

42 

106.68 

870 

10 

25.40 

3600 

44 

111.76 

840 

12 

30.48 

3000 

46 

116.84 

800 

14 

35.60 

2585 

48 

121.92 

750 

16 

40.64 

2222 

50 

127.00 

725 

18 

45.72 

2000 

52 

132.08 

700 

20 

50.80 

1800 

54 

137.16 

675 

22 

55.88 

1636 

56 

142.24 

650 

24 

60.96 

1500 

58 

147.32 

625 

26 

66.04 

1384 

60 

152.40 

600 

28 

71.12 

1285 

62 

157.48 

575 

30 

76.20 

1200 

64 

162.56 

550 

32 

81.28 

1125 

66 

167.64 

545 

34 

86.36 

1058 

68 

172.72 

529 

36 

91.44 

1000 

70 

177.80 

514 

38 

96.51 

950 

72 

182.88 

500 

40 

101.59 

900 





One metre equals 39.37043 inches, 3.28087 feet, 1.09362 yards. 
One inch equals 2.53995 centimetres. 

One foot equals 0.3048 metre. 

One square inch equals 6.45148 square centimetres. 

One square foot equals .0092901 square metre. 

One square yard equals 0.836112 square metre. 


Dark-red color indicates about 700° Cent., equals 1292° Fahr.; 
cherry red, 1652° Fahr.; white heat, 2372° Fahr. 


















List of Saw Patents up to April, 1882. 


Drag Saw, M. P. Hall, Jan. 13,1SS0,223,504 

Saw, A. A. Burr, Mar. 23,18S0,225,795 

Scroll Saw, D. F. Sutton, Mar. 30,1880, 226,130 

Drag Saw, J. Angspurger, Apr. 20,1880, 226,590 

J. A. Cluxton, Apr. 20,1SS0, 226,718 
Endless Chain E. Nunan, Apr. 20,1880, 226,774 
Saw, 

Drag Saw, J. K. Hutchins,May 4, 1S80, 227,110 
Circular Saw, J. K. Lockwood,May 11, 1880, re¬ 
issue 9197 

Saw, E. Morris, May 18,1880,227,815 

C. Suisse, July 6, 1880, 229,772 
Drag, J. Carothers, June 22,1SS0, 229,001 

M. B. Swindell, June 29,1880, 229,488 
C. S. Dean, July 13,18S0, 229,975 

N. L. Brown, Aug. 24.1S80,231,474 
J. Oldham, Oct. 5, 1S80, 233,003 

Drag Mach.^-Jbj^J* \ Oct. 12,18S0, 233,126 

Drag, J. M. Da Costa, Oct. 19, 1880, 233,403 
Saw Teeth, G. F. Woolston,Mar. 11, 1851, 7,979 
N. Barlow, Apr. 10, 1855, 12,664 
I Mason, Sept. 11,1S60, 29,982 

I. S. Brown, Jan. 8, 1861, 31,073 
L.B.SouthwarkJuly 9, 1861, 32,796 

J. E. Emerson, Sept. 12,1S85, 49,868 

~ Colson, May 4, 1S69, 89,559 

Nov. 9, 1869, 96,674 
Feb. 23,1869, 87,092 
Aug. 24,1869, 94,022 
Oct. 5, 1869, 95,602 

I. & T. Bird, Jr.,Dec. 27,1870,110,430 

G. H. Hiles, May 17,1S70, 103,045 
C.Y. Littlepage, July 12,1S70,105,345 

J. E. Emerson, Apr. 29,1873,138,236 

“ “ Sept. 16,1873,142.7S1 

IT. P. Miller, Aug. 26,1873, 142,2‘>8 
Saw Teetli Bl’k,J. E. Emerson, Sept. 16,IS73,1 42,780 
“ “ Nov. 8, 1870, 108,990 

Circular,N. Johnson, May 21,1872,127,061 
Construction ofW. A. Wilson, Mar. 22,1859, 23,310 
Detachable,G. J. Hogan, Apr. 26,1870, 102,400 
Insertable,W. H. Iveus, May 9, 1S71, llt,6So 
N. Johnson, Dec. 24,1872,134,290 

H. G. Powell, Aug. 20,1872,130,659 
J. W. Strange, Aug. 13,1867, 67 682 

Removable,J. Crookes, Aug. 5,1873, 141,427 
Suw Tooth, J. E. Emerson, May 26,1^74,151,3-»l 
J. R. Luce, May26,1874, 151,407 
M J. Raliilly, Jan.20,1S74, 146,708 
B’d Saw Teeth, A. Hatch, Mar.31, 1874,149,120 

Saw Teeth, W. P Hale, Apr. 13,1875, 162,061 

Saw Teeth Circ.A. F. Dirnond, Dec. 28,187.), 1 /1,604 
Insertable.E. Smith, Apr. 28,1875,162,319 

Saw Teeth, A. Boynton, Aug.15,1876,180,986 
Iusenable,C. Adams, May 16,1S/6, lo7,446 
II. Disston, May 16,1876, 177,481 
T. S. Disston, May30,1S76, 178 123 
E. C. Keys, Aug.1,1876. 180,429 
E. T. Leppert, June 6, 1876, 178,450 
T. S. Disston, Apr. 3,1S77, 189,199 

Saw Tooth, N.W. Spaulding June 19,1877, 192,099 
saw loom, tt * „ June 19,1777, 192,090 

C. Adams, June 11,1878, 204,697 

W. E. Brooks, June 18,1878,205,042 
J. R. Luce, Dec. 17,1878, 211,029 
W. P. Miller, Dec. 17,1878,‘,211,035 


E. 


P. Cook, 

J. Newton, 
U. B. Noyes, 


, 200.219 


Saw Tooth, In- J. R. Berry, Aug. 13,1878, 207,003 
sertable, 

S.J.Randall & 1 . io 1070 

J. O’Brien, j F «b. 12,1S78, 

F. Schley, Nov. 5, 1878, 

J. Ohleu, Nov.11,1879, 

N. Johnson, Jan. 7, 1879, 

Inserted, R. H. Osgood, Dec. 2, 1879, 


Saw, 


C. H. Douglas, Jan.25,1881, 
C. N. Hubbard, Apr. 12, 1881, 

sue, 

C. R. Marvin, Junel4,18Sl, 
E. Osgood, Mar. 8, 1881, 
J. Ashenfelter, Aug. 2, 1881, 

G. H. Nortliway,Aug. 2, 18S1, 

H. Van Bibber, Aug. 9, 1881, 


S. Toles 


Saw Tooth, 


H. Westphal, 

E. J. Hill, 

E. C. Mulford, 

E. S. Snyder, 

C. N. Hubbard, Aug. 16,1SS1, 
Detach.E. C. Atkins, Sept. 6,1881, 
Insert. A. Krieger, Oct. 25.1881, 


Nov. 1, 1881, 
Dec 20,1SS1, 
Mar. 22,1S81, 
Jan.18,1SS1, 
May 3, 1881, 


Back, 
Circular, 


Compress, 

Crosscut, 


Drag, 


J. R. WoodroughJau. 17, 1SS2, 
G. F. & D. Si- ) 
monds & A. > Feb. 8, 1881, 
A. Marshall) 

C. Bush, Jan. 10,1882, 

E. M. Boynton, Feb. 14,18S2, 

“ “ Apr. 5, 1881, 

J. E. Emerson, Mar. 22,1881, 
J. M. De Coster,Oct. 19,18S0, 
J. P. Fosdyck, Oct. 26,18S0, 

J. Angspurger, Nov. 2, 1880, 

S. Clemens, Junel4,18Sl, 

E. Strobl r Junel4,lS81, 

M. L. Nichols, Oct. 11, > 8S1, 

S. Males, Dec. 6, 1881, 

Drag for Cut-J. W. Swales, Mayl7,lS81, 
ting Snags, 

Fire w d Drag, W. Warmoth, Aug. 23,1881, 
Hand, J.R.WoodroughJan. 17,1882, 

Saw, Hand, L. Lawson, Oct. 11,1881, 

Circular, A. A. Bennett, Apr. 5, 1881, 

Jig, C. P. Warwick,June21,1881, 

Reaming, L. Barthelmes, Apr. 5, 1881, 

Scroll, W. Jones, Jan. 4, 1881, 

F. Schaefle, Feb. 15,1881, 

J. Connell & 

V. Dengler, 

W berg R ° theU ‘| Apr - 19 ’ 1881 ’ 
Sawing Mach. S. W. Brown, Oct. 26,1SS0, 
A. F. Morris, Nov.30,lS80, 

F. J. Crump, Apr. 26,1881, 

L S. Edleblute, June21,lS81, 

E. R. Hill, July 5. 1 SSI, 

J. Angspurger, Aug. 30,18S1, 

L. D. Noblett, Aug.30,1881, 

D. Berry, Nov.29,18Sl, 

C. W. TrautmanMay 10,1881, 
A. Euston, Feb. 28,18S2, 

Sawing Mach. L. F. Ketler, Jan. 10, 1882, 
Band, 

Circular, H. J. Colburn, Dec. 6, 1881, 

Dec. 13,1881, 


Swing, 
Swinging, 


Feb. 14,1882, 


209,627 

221,602 

211.097 

222,304 

236,876 

reis- 

9,6)7 

242,951 

238,521 

245.114 
245,090 
245,588 
249,119 
251,149 
239,098 
236,690 
241,082 
215,831 

246.703 
248,761 
252,571 

237,617 

252,179 
253,671 
239,7 iO 
239,156 
233,403 
236,610 
233,907 
242,S85 
243,001 
248,200 
250,557 
211,749 

246,25.3 

252,570 

24S.045 

239.703 
213,092 
239,698 
236,163 
237,912 

253,513 

240,339 

233,597 
234,SS6 
240,667 

243.114 
243,896 
246,418 
246,540 
250,191 
241,449 
254,202 
250,043 

250,425 

250,712 


( 275 ) 









276 


LIST OF SAW PATENTS. 


Sawin-g Circ. 
Crosscut, 


C. S. Beath, 

D. 0. Strifler, 
W. H. Smith, 
J. M. Turner, 


July 5, 1881, 243,835 
July 12,1881,244,335 
Jan. 17,1882,250,043 
Feb. 15,1881, 237,930 


Cut. down J. Augspurger, Aug. 30, 1 SSI, 246,447 
stand, timb’r. 

Drag, 


Sawing Mach. 


Drag, 


L. M. Comstock,Oct. 26, 1880, 233,731 
L.H.&J.E.GibbsMay 24,1881, 241,960 
T. J. Henaberg,Apr. 26,1S81,240,615 
J. W. McKee, Jan. 4,1881, 236,236 
N. McAdams,Jr. July 12,1881, 244,278 

S. B. & E. Allen,Aug. 16,1881,245,693 

^Dunham, A * | Au S-16,1 SSI, 215,800 

G. B. Durkee, Nov.29,1881,250,136 
D. H. Ball, Dec. 27,1881,251,504 
Saw’g Groov. & G. M. & N. Fay,Mar. 15,1881,238,875 
Plan’g Mach. 

Sawing Mach. N. W. Giles, Apr. 19,18S1, 240,316 
Hand, 


N. M. Lawrence,May 3, 1SS1, 241,031 
M. Kurtzeman, Sept. 13,1881,247,069 
Heading Sta ,r e G. W. Wilson, July 5, 1881, 243,745 
Spoke, 

Sawing kindl’g J. H. Brown, Feb. 1, 1SS1, 237,161 
w’d,Mach. for, 

Sawing kindl’g N. A. Allen, Oct. 25,1881, 24S,6S6 
w’d, Mach, for, 


C. B. Halstead 
Saw’g Mach, log & J. A. Car¬ 
penter, 

Sawing Mach., J. McKinney, 
Port. Kail. 

Rim, O. F. Sillcot, 
Saw’g & Rout’g S. M. Bragg, 
Mach. 


| Jan. 3, 1882, 251,872 

’ Jan. 28, 1SS2, 243,595 

Jan. 10,1882, 252,268 
Feb. 8, 1881, 237,475 


Sawing Mach. N. D. Herschell,Oct. 26,1SS0, 233,752 
Scroll & Circ. A. Showalter, Feb. 14, 1882,253,777 
Sawing Mach. O. C. Hanson, Dec. 7, 1S80, 235,233 
Shingle, 

D. Lane, Feb. 1, 18S1, 237,294 

N. H. Perkins, Jan. 11,1881,2.35,620 
H. F. Snyder, Apr. 12, 1881, 240,048 
Tenon, N. H. Clayton, Nov. 2, 18S0, 233,981 
Wood, N. H. Mellott, May 24,1881, 242,016 
C. F. Needham, Apr. 19,1881, 240,050 
Saw Mill, C. A. liege, June 28,1881,243,556 

Band, C. Meiners, Aug. 30,1881, 246,330 

Saw Mill Circ. C. J. L. Meyer, .Tau. 24, 18S2, 252,6S9 

Saw Mill Circ. J. Campbell, Feb. 28,1SS2, 254.110 

Gang, J. M. Story, Dec. 21,1880, 235,824 

G. W. Nichols, May 17, 1881, 241,699 
Portable, W. N. Whipple,Sept. 27,1SS1,247,726 

Reciprocating, G wil7ilmt, A ‘ \ Ma y 24 - 1SSl > 241 ,S57 
T. S. Wilkin, ’ Jan. 25,1S81,236,968 
Steam, A. J. Emlaw, Aug. 30,1881, 246,380 


The above comprises all United States Patents in the class of Saws 
from October 19th, 1880, to March 7th, 1882, inclusive. 

Compiled by 

John A. Wiedersheim, 

Solicitor of Patents , 

Uo. 110 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Through whom copies of specifications, drawings, and claims may be 
ordered and obtained. 



ALPHABETICAL SUBJECT INDEX 


TO 

SUPPLEMENT TO GRIMSHAW ON SAWS. 


Adjustable dished circulars, 236 
veneer saws, 236 

Adjusting tension of circulars, 263 
American circular saws, diameters ex¬ 
pressed metrically, 272 
thickness of, expressed me¬ 
trically, 272 

decimal, and Birmingham gauges 
compared, 265 
gauge, 265 

Andrews, E., old saw anvil, 264 
Anvil, old saw, 264 
Arbey, packing, 241 
Arbor, McDonald, hollow, 241 

mending broken, by C. G. Osgood, 263 
Atkins inserted tooth, 238 
Atlantic works, filing frame, 258 

band saw setting machine and 
filing frame, 258 

Band saw filing machine, Ilowe’s, 260 

setting machine and filing frame, 
258 

Fay & Co., 261 
Howe’s, 260 
of Atlantic works, 258 
teeth, 258 
Barrel heads, 235 

and shingle work, speed of circular 
saw for, 234 

Bennet’s hand circular, 240 
Bevelled edge heads, 235 
Bid well, W. II., 234 
Birmingham gauge, 265 

decimal and American gauges com¬ 
pared, 265 

gauge expressed decimally and in 
vulgar fractions, 270 
Briggs, Robert, decimal gauge, 265 
Broken teeth, 248 
Brown & Sharpe’s gauge, 265 


Cheese-box heads, 235 
Circle, pitch, 232 

Circular saw, Osgood’s side cutting, 239 
Simonds’ loose, 238 
smallest, 233 

saws, circumference of, 273 
direct driven, 246 
double, 246 
friction of, 240 
packing, 241 
rim speed of, 273 
speed of, 235 

table of rotation speed, 273 
three high, 246 
saw teeth, pitch of, 248 
Circumference of wheels, pulleys, or cir¬ 
cular saws, 273 
Collars, facing, 240 
fast, 240 

Comparison of decimal, American, and 
Birmingham gauges, 265 
Concave saws, diameter and thickness ex¬ 
pressed metrically, 271 
filing, 235 
speed of, 235 

Decimal gauge for sheet metal and wire, 

265 

American, and Birmingham gauges 
compared, 265 

Diameter and thickness of concave saws 
expressed metrically, 271 
Diameters expressed metrically and in 
inches, 274 

of American circulars expressed me¬ 
trically, 272 

Direct driven circulars, 246 
Dished circulars, adjustable, 236 
Double circulars, 246 
Douglas’ insertable tooth, 237 

(277 ) 






278 


INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 


Emerson, J. E., 241 

Ford & Co., quick saw making, 2G3 
End play, 244 

Facing collars, 240 
Fast collars, 240 

Fay & Co., band saw setting machine, 261 
Fibrous materials, 264 
Filing concave saws, 235 

frame of Atlantic works, 258 
First saw-mills in England, 262 
Floors, Scandinavian, 262 
Frey, Scheckler & Hoover, 246 
Friction circular, 240 
Frozen timber, 248 

Gauge, American, 265 

Brown & Sharp’s, 265 
Birmingham, 265 
of shingle saws, 264 
Stubbs, 265 
Goodell & Waters, 236 
Grandy, C. E., on bull’s eye, 226 
cam power sets, 180, 181 
cleaner teeth, 176 
inserted teeth, 232 
non hammered saws, 228 
perforated crosscut, 203 
rim tapering, 222 
round gullets, 176 
sheared teeth, 177 
Granular materials, 264 
Greenwood & Co., John, 234 
Grooving saws, sectional, 235 
Guide for circulars, Hinckley’s, 241 
Gumming saws, 233 ♦ 

Hand circular, Bennet’s, 240 
Heads, bevelled edged, 235 
for barrels, 235 
for cheese-boxes, 235 
Hill’s insertable tooth, 238 
Hinckley saw guide, 241 
Holland, John, 234 
Hollow arbor, McDonald, 241 
Howe’s band saw filing machine, 260 
setting machine, 260 
Hubbard relayed tooth, 237 

Insertable tooth, Hills’, 238 
Mulford’s, 237 
Inserted tooth, Atkins’, 338 
Douglas’, 237 
Kl inger’s, 236 

Iron, specific gravity of, 265 

Kerf, waste by, 244 
Kriuger’s inserted tooth, 236 

Lineal velocities of belts or band saws on 
pulleys of given diameters aud various 
speeds, table, 271 


Logs, cutting ten-foot, 246 
Loose collars, 240 
Lubricant, waste of, 244 
water as, 241 
Lug pins, 240 

Lumber, power required to cut, 244 

Mandrel holes, sizes of, metrically ex¬ 
pressed, 272 
Maudrels, saw, 240 
Materials, fibrous, 264 
granular, 264 

McDonough hollow arbor, 241 
saw arbor, 239 
saw relief, 244 

Mending broken arbor, C. G. Osgood, 263 
Miles per minute, rim speed in, 273 
Molesworth, G. L., 244 
Mulford’s insertable tooth, 237 

Northway’s planing saw, 239 

Old saw anvil, 264 
Open wheel, 244 

Osgood, C. G., mending broken arbor, 263 
side cutting circular, 239 

Packing circulars, 241 

collars with paper, 241 
Arbey, 241 
Worssam, 241 

Paper for packing collars, 241 
Perforated inserted tooth saws, 233 
Pins, lug, 240 
steady, 240 
Titch circle, 233 

of circular saw teeth, 248 
Planing saw, Northway’s, 239 
Play, end, 244 
Power to cut lumber, 244 
Pulleys, circumference of, 273 

Quick saw making, 263 

Range, 241 
Relayed tooth, 237 
Reliance Works, 241-243 
Relief for circulars, McDonough’s, 244 
Richards’ speed table for circulars, ex¬ 
pressed metrically, 272 
Rim speed of circular saws, 273 
speeds, tables of, 270 
speed in miles per minute, 273 
Rotation 6peed for circulars to give rim 
speed of feet per minute, table of, 273 
Round teeth, 248 

Rules for lineal velocity of belt, band 
saws, &c., 271 

Sawed veneers, 264 
Scandinavian floors, 262 
Screw nicking, small circular saw for, 234 
Works, Union, 234 





INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. 


279 


Sectional grooving saws, 235 
Setting band saw teeth, 258, 200, 261 
Sheared teeth, 248 

Sheet metal and wire, weight of, 268, 269 
Shingle saws, gauge of, 264 
Simonds’ loose circular, 238 

method of adjusting unequal tension 
in circulars, 263 

patent for correcting unequal tension 
in circulars, 262 

Sizes of mandrel holes expressed metri¬ 
cally, 272 

Smallest circular saw, 233 
Small circulars for screw nicking, 234 
Specific gravity of iron, 262 
Speed of circular saws for barrel and 
shingle work, 234 
Speeds of circulars, 235 

Richards’ table, expressed 
metrically, 272 

Steady pins, 240 
Stone sawing, 264 

Stubbs’ Birmingham gauge expressed 
metrically and in decimal and 
vulgar fractions, 270 
gauge, 265 

Tables, 272 

Table of lineal velocity of belt or band 
saws on pulleys of given diameters 
and various speeds, 271 
of revolutions per minute for various 
rim speeds, 270 

of rotation speed for circulars to give 
rim speed of feet per minute, 273 


Tatum, Bowen & Co., 246 
Teeth, broken, 248 
round, 248 
sheared, 248 

Temper of concave saws, 235 
Ten-foot logs, cutting, 246 
Tension in circulars, correcting uneven, 
262 

of circulars, adjusting, 263 
Simonds’ patent for correcting un¬ 
equal in circulars, 262 
Thickness of American circulars expressed 
metrically, 272 
Three high circular, 246 
Timber, frozen, 248 

Union Screw Works, 234 

Velocity of belt and band saws, rules for, 
271 

Veneers, sawed, 264 
Veneer saws, adjustable, 236 

Waste by kerf, 244 
Waste of lubricant, 244 
Water as lubricant, 241 
Weights of sheet metal and wire, 268, 269 
Wells, S. B., 236 
Wheel, open, 244 
Wheels, circumference of, 273 
Wire, decimal gauge for sheet metal and, 
265 

and sheet metal, weight of, 268, 269 
Worssam’s packing, 241 














1 


ZP-A-TIEInTT 

Wood-Working Machinery, 

FOR 

Planing Mills, Sash and Door Work, Furniture, 
Chair, and Bracket Factories, Car Shops, 
and General Wood Workers, etc., 




OF THE 


LATEST AND MOST-IMPROVED DESIGN. 


MANUFACTURED BY 

CORDESMAN, EGAN & CO., 

Nos. 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 243 & 250 W. FRONT STREET, 

CINCINNATI. O., U. S. A. 




















2 



PERIN BAND SAW BLADES. 


‘‘Know all men pv these Presents: That we, PERIN, PANHARD & CO., of Paris, 
France, have this day withdrawn the agency Jar the sale of our Band Saw Blades from 
Messrs London, Orton & Berry, successors to Messrs, llichards, London & Lelley, Phila ., 
and appoint Messrs. 

J-. c$3 00. 7 

of Cincinnati, 0., U. S. A., to he our sole and exclusive agents for the entire States and terri¬ 
tories of the United States of America, with full power to prosecute all infringements and 
illegal abuse of our trade mark. Made in Paris, France, Jan. 1, 1878 ” 

Witness, PERIN, PANHARD & CO., 

W. TARAZIN, Successors to Perin & Co. 



As will be seen from tlie above announcement, we have been appointed sole 
find exclusive agenls for the United States of the celebrated PERIN BAND 
SAW BLADES, and can furnish any sizes and lengths that may be required, 
joined, filed, and set, ready for use. Special sizes and lengths, not in stock, 
will be imported—requiring about thirty days from receipt of order. All blades 
will bear the trade mark : Perin & Co., on one side, and J. A. Fay & Co. on 
the other side. Genuine Perin Blades can only be procured from us or oqr 
authorized agents. 


J. A.. PAY & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

BAND SAWING MACHINERY, 

VIZ. : 

Band Log-Sawing Machines for Logs 
Band Re sawing Machines for Lumber. 

Band Scroll-Saws for all kinds of Straight and Curve-Cutting required 
in Car and Railroad Shops, Carriage, Wagon, Sash and Door, Cabi¬ 
net and Agricultural Implement Works, etc etc. 


ILLUSTRATIONS AND PRICES SUPPLIED ON APPLICATION. 


0\ db OO., 


W. H. DOANE, President. 
D. L. LYON, Secretaiy. 


Cor. John & Front Streets, CINCINNATI, 0. 


















7 


cr_ A.. IFA/S - <Sc CO- 

CINCINNATI, OHIO, U. S. A., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 


WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY. 

VIZ.: 

PLANING, MATCHING, AND BEADING MACHINES, SURFACE PLANING 
MACHINES, MORTISING AND BORING, MOULDING TENONING, 
CARVING, PANELING, AND SHAPING MACHINES, BAND 
AND SCROLL SAWS, CIRCULAR, RIPPING, AND 
CROSS-CUTTING SAWS, BAND AND CIR¬ 
CULAR RE-SAWING MACHINES, 

ETC* ETC. 

UNIVERSAL AND VARIETY WOOD WORKERS. 

DESIGNED FOR USE IN 

PLANING MILLS, SASH, 

DOOR, AND BLIND 

FACTORIES, 

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j^AR, j-\AILROAD, 
AND 

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FURNITURE and CABINET 
FACTORIES, etc. etc. 

Our Machines have received HIGHEST AWARDS at all the 

1 11 ternationai Expositions. 

GRAND GOLD MEDAL OF HONOR AT PARIS, 1878. 



CIRCULARS AND QUOTATIONS FUKNiSHED ON APPLICATION. 


J. A. FAY & CO., 


W. H. DOANE, Pres’t. 
D. L. LYON, Sec’y. 


CINCINNATI, OHIO. 































































MANUPACTimERS OS’ 


STATIONARY AND PORTABLE 

STEAM ENGINES, 

PORTABLE AND STATIONARY 

Circular Saw Mills, 

Gang Edgers, 

Lath Machines, 

BOLTING, EDGING AND CUT-OFF 

SAWS, 

VENEER SAlWS, 

Re-sawing and Cigar-Box Machines, Shaft¬ 
ing, Hangers, Pulleys, Couplings, 
Gearing, and Mill Outfits 
and Supplies. 

CATALOGUES FREE. 




John and Water Streets, 


CINCINNATI, OHIO. 











5 


\ 





o 

M 


LANE & BODLEY CO., Manufacturers of Sawing Machinery, 

Illustrated Catalogue and Prices furnished on application. CINCINNAl I, Of 













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































LONDON, BERRY & ORTON, 

ATLANTIC WORKS, 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A., 

MANOPACTDBEBS OP 

WOOD-CUTTING MACHINERY 

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 


SPECIALTIES 


Band Sawing Machinery , 

and Band Saw Blades , 


FOR SAWING 


Wood, Plate, 

Ivory, Cloth, 

Bone, Hard Rubber, 

Metal, Slate, etc. 


BAND SAWING MACHINES 

FOR HEAVY LOG SAWING, 

Taking in Logs up to 8 feet in diameter, any length. 

These machines save 231 per cent, of lumber in 
kerf over circular saws. 

Cable address, 

ORTON, Philadelphia. 






7 


American Saw Company, 

TIR-EiaSTTOlSr, 2ST- J\„ 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

INSERTED TOOTHED CIRCULAR SAWS. 



SAW CO. 

RONTON. IT J 


CAST STEEL 


WARRANTED 


PATENT GROUND 

X.L.N.T. 

PAT. SEP. 21) 1870 


ALSO 

PERFORATED CROSS CUT SAWS, 

AND 

SOLID SAWS OF ALL KINDS. 


SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLET. 

















8 


IN PREPARATION. 


Grimshaw on Sawing Machinery. 

HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISON, CONSTRUCTION, 
INSTALLATION AND USE OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN 

SAWING MACHINERY 

OIF 1 _A.IL.Ij TCHtCTDS. 

By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. 

A SEQUEL TO THE AUTHOR’S WORK ON SAWS, 

Being mainly drawn from the writer’s long-collected personal notes, and from 
official data, obtained as member of the Jury of Awards on Wood 
Working Machinery at the Paris Exposition of 1878. 

-- 

PARTIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

History of Sawing Machinery — Classification (into Drag; Malay (scroll and 
log) ; Jig Scroll ; Single Frame (overhung, vertical gate) ; Gang Sash; Reciprocating 
Chain, Band, and Cylinder Saws; “ Woodpecker” ; Solid, Segmental, Inserted Toothed, 
and Side-Cutting Circulars ; Wabble Circular ; Convex and Concave Cutting ' hain Saws; 
Dished and Spiral Saws; Solid Segmental, and Insertable Toothed Cylinder Saws; 
Perpendicular, Inclined, and Horizontal Band Saws); Comparison; Construction; 
Wood, Iron, and Compound Frames ; Descriptions of various Machines, with Dimen¬ 
sions, Speeds, Capacities, and Power Required ; Various Operations (Felling, Butting, 
Slabbing, Squaring, Ripping, Cross Cutting, and Edging; Lath, Shingle, ani Picket 
Making; Grooving; Tenoning; Scroll Sawing; Desiderata in SawiDg Machines; 
Instructions f r Ordering; Cautions in Buying. Site of Saw Mills; Planning 
and Construction of Building; Generation of Power (Water Wheels, Engines, and 
Boilers) ; Transmission (Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, Couplings, Gears, Pulleys and 
Belts, Friction Pulleys. Wire Ropes, Journals, Bearings, and Lubrication). Waste by 
various widths of Kerf; Tables of Log Measurements for logs 10 to 20 feet long, and 
12" to 96" diameter ; Lumber Grading; Gauges and othei Tables. Manufacture, Choice, 
Care, ar.d Use of Blades; Filing; Gumming: Swaging; Setting. List of U. S. Patents 
on Sawing Machinery from 1790 to 1882. Hauling, Dogging, and Rossing the Logs. 
Insurance on Saw Mills. Cremating Sawdust and Mabs; making Compressed Fuel from 
Sawdust and Pitch. Distribution of the Timber Supply in the United States, Canada, 
and Europe ; Characteristics of the vaiious American and Foreign Woods. 

The above work lias been carefully prepared from the best American and 
European practice, and is believed to be the most complete as to details and 
practical information ever issued. It is so arranged and so thoroughly indexed 
that any subject can be readily found ; and is up to date. 

This work will be handsomely printed on heavy paper, and well bound in 
cloth ; and will contain over two hundred illustrations, many of them full page. 
It will be a large quarto, so as to show the cuts in their full size. 

Price to subscribers is fixed at TEN DOLLARS, and will be advanced 
after publication. 

-. / / , 

ROBERT GRIMSHAW, 

030 Market Street, Philadelphia. 


3 'i 5 m 











































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